Pipe Flow – A Practical and Comprehensive Guide
John Wiley & Sons Inc (Verlag)
978-0-470-90102-1 (ISBN)
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Pipe Flow provides the information required to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components. The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research, including important loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are also presented in straightforward tables and diagrams. Sample problems and their solution are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the readers to explore all the topics in greater depth. With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems.
The book employs the English gravitational system as well as the International System (or SI).
Donald C. Rennels has been working in the Nuclear Energy Division of GE since 1971. His work has included developing network flow models of reactor vessel internals and various nuclear steam supply systems as well as preparing technical design procedures. In his time at GE, he has won six General Manager Awards. Hobart M. Hudson has been working in the Test Division of Aerojet since 1977. As a senior engineering specialist, he performed analyses of existing rocket test equipment and designed new equipment. As a mechanical engineering consultant, he has worked on various rocket test system designs and analyses, including the Mars Lander Engine.
PREFACE xv NOMENCLATURE xvii Abbreviation and Definition xix PART I METHODOLOGY 1 Prologue 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS 3 1.1 Systems of Units 3 1.2 Fluid Properties 4 1.2.1 Pressure 4 1.2.2 Density 5 1.2.3 Velocity 5 1.2.4 Energy 5 1.2.5 Viscosity 5 1.2.6 Temperature 5 1.2.7 Heat 6 1.3 Important Dimensionless Ratios 6 1.3.1 Reynolds Number 6 1.3.2 Relative Roughness 6 1.3.3 Loss Coeffi cient 7 1.3.4 Mach Number 7 1.3.5 Froude Number 7 1.3.6 Reduced Pressure 7 1.3.7 Reduced Temperature 7 1.4 Equations of State 7 1.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids 7 1.4.2 Equation of State of Gases 8 1.5 Fluid Velocity 8 1.6 Flow Regimes 8 References 12 Further Reading 12 2 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS 13 2.1 Conservation of Mass 13 2.2 Conservation of Momentum 13 2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 14 2.4 Conservation of Energy 16 2.4.1 Potential Energy 16 2.4.2 Pressure Energy 17 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 17 2.4.4 Heat Energy 17 2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 18 2.5 General Energy Equation 18 2.6 Head Loss 18 2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 19 2.8 Conventional Head Loss 20 2.9 Grade Lines 20 References 21 Further Reading 21 3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 23 3.1 Conventional Head Loss 23 3.2 Sources of Head Loss 23 3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 24 3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 24 3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 24 3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 25 3.2.1.4 Friction Factors 25 3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 28 3.2.3 Summing Loss Coeffi cients 29 References 29 Further Reading 30 4 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 31 4.1 Problem Solution Methods 31 4.2 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations 32 4.2.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 32 4.2.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 33 4.2.2.1 Simple Average Properties 33 4.2.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 34 4.2.3 Using Expansion Factors 34 4.3 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 37 4.3.1 Using Mach Number as a Parameter 37 4.3.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 38 4.3.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 39 4.3.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 40 4.3.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 40 4.3.1.5 Treating Changes in Area 40 4.3.2 Using Static Pressure and Temperature as Parameters 41 4.4 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 42 4.5 Example Problem: Compressible Flow through Pipe 43 References 47 Further Reading 47 5 NETWORK ANALYSIS 49 5.1 Coupling Effects 49 5.2 Series Flow 50 5.3 Parallel Flow 50 5.4 Branching Flow 51 5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 51 5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 52 5.5.2 Input Parameters 52 5.5.3 Initial Calculations 53 5.5.4 Network Equations 53 5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 53 5.5.4.2 Energy Equations 53 5.5.5 Solution 54 5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 54 5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 55 5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 55 5.6.1.2 Input Parameters 56 5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 57 5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 57 5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 57 5.6.1.6 Solution 58 5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 58 5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 58 5.6.2.2 Input Parameters 58 5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 59 5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 59 5.6.2.5 Solution 59 References 60 Further Reading 60 6 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS 61 6.1 Methodology 61 6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 62 6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel 62 6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 63 6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 64 6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 65 6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 65 6.3.2 Heat Transfer 66 6.4 Example Problem: Time-Step Integration 67 6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain Problem 67 6.4.2 Direct Solution 67 6.4.3 Time-Step Solution 67 References 68 Further Reading 68 7 UNCERTAINTY 69 7.1 Error Sources 69 7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 69 7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 71 7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 71 7.4.1 Input Data 71 7.4.2 Solution 72 7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 72 7.5.1 Input Data 72 7.5.2 Solution 73 PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS 75 Prologue 75 8 SURFACE FRICTION 77 8.1 Friction Factor 77 8.1.1 Laminar Flow Region 77 8.1.2 Critical Zone 77 8.1.3 Turbulent Flow Region 78 8.1.3.1 Smooth Pipes 78 8.1.3.2 Rough Pipes 78 8.2 The Colebrook White Equation 78 8.3 The Moody Chart 79 8.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 79 8.4.1 Moody s Approximate Formula 79 8.4.2 Wood s Approximate Formula 79 8.4.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 79 8.4.4 Chen s Formula 79 8.4.5 Shacham s Formula 80 8.4.6 Barr s Formula 80 8.4.7 Haaland s Formulas 80 8.4.8 Manadilli s Formula 80 8.4.9 Romeo s Formula 80 8.4.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook White Equation 80 8.5 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 81 8.5.1 Churchill s 1977 Formula 81 8.5.2 Modifi cations to Churchill s 1977 Formula 81 8.6 Surface Roughness 82 8.6.1 New, Clean Pipe 82 8.6.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 82 8.6.3 Inherent Margin 84 8.6.4 Loss of Flow Area 84 8.6.5 Machined Surfaces 84 8.7 Noncircular Passages 85 References 87 Further Reading 87 9 ENTRANCES 89 9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 89 9.1.1 Flush Mounted 89 9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 90 9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 90 9.2 Rounded Entrance 91 9.3 Beveled Entrance 91 9.4 Entrance through an Orifice 92 9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 92 9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 93 9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 93 9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 93 References 99 Further Reading 99 10 CONTRACTIONS 101 10.1 Flow Model 101 10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 102 10.3 Rounded Contraction 103 10.4 Conical Contraction 104 10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 105 10.4.2 Local Loss 105 10.5 Beveled Contraction 106 10.6 Smooth Contraction 107 10.7 Pipe Reducer: Contracting 107 References 112 Further Reading 112 11 EXPANSIONS 113 11.1 Sudden Expansion 113 11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 114 11.3 Multistage Conical Diffusers 117 11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 117 11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 118 11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 120 11.5 Pipe Reducer: Expanding 121 References 128 Further Reading 128 12 EXITS 131 12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 131 12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 132 12.3 Discharge from an Orifi ce 132 12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 132 12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifi ce 133 12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifi ce 133 12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifi ce 133 12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 134 13 ORIFICES 139 13.1 Generalized Flow Model 139 13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 140 13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 140 13.2.2 In a Transition Section 141 13.2.3 In a Wall 141 13.3 Round-Edged Orifi ce 142 13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 143 13.3.2 In a Transition Section 143 13.3.3 In a Wall 144 13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 145 13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 145 13.4.2 In a Transition Section 145 13.4.3 In a Wall 146 13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 146 13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 146 13.5.2 In a Transition Section 148 13.5.3 In a Wall 148 13.6 Multihole Orifices 149 13.7 Noncircular Orifices 149 References 154 Further Reading 154 14 FLOW METERS 157 14.1 Flow Nozzle 157 14.2 Venturi Tube 158 14.3 Nozzle/Venturi 159 References 161 Further Reading 161 15 BENDS 163 15.1 Elbows and Pipe Bends 163 15.2 Coils 166 15.2.1 Constant Pitch Helix 167 15.2.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 167 15.3 Miter Bends 168 15.4 Coupled Bends 169 15.5 Bend Economy 169 References 174 Further Reading 174 16 TEES 177 16.1 Diverging Tees 178 16.1.1 Flow through Run 178 16.1.2 Flow through Branch 179 16.1.3 Flow from Branch 182 16.2 Converging Tees 182 16.2.1 Flow through Run 182 16.2.2 Flow through Branch 184 16.2.3 Flow into Branch 185 References 200 Further Reading 200 17 PIPE JOINTS 201 17.1 Weld Protrusion 201 17.2 Backing Rings 202 17.3 Misalignment 203 17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe Joint 203 17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 203 18 VALVES 205 18.1 Multiturn Valves 205 18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 205 18.1.2 Gate Valve 206 18.1.3 Globe Valve 206 18.1.4 Pinch Valve 207 18.1.5 Needle Valve 207 18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 207 18.2.1 Ball Valve 208 18.2.2 Butterfl y Valve 208 18.2.3 Plug Valve 208 18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 209 18.3.1 Check Valve 209 18.3.2 Relief Valve 210 18.4 Control Valves 210 18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 211 References 211 Further Reading 212 19 THREADED FITTINGS 213 19.1 Reducers: Contracting 213 19.2 Reducers: Expanding 213 19.3 Elbows 214 19.4 Tees 214 19.5 Couplings 214 19.6 Valves 215 Reference 215 PART III FLOW PHENOMENA 217 Prologue 217 20 CAVITATION 219 20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 219 20.2 Pipeline Design 220 20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 220 20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump 221 20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 222 20.4.1.1 Input Parameters 222 20.4.1.2 Solution 222 20.4.1.3 Results 222 20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 222 20.4.2.1 Input Parameters 223 20.4.2.2 Solution 223 20.4.2.3 Results 224 Reference 224 Further Reading 224 21 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION 225 21.1 Steady Internal Flow 225 21.2 Steady External Flow 225 21.3 Water Hammer 226 21.4 Column Separation 227 References 228 Further Reading 228 22 TEMPERATURE RISE 231 22.1 Reactor Heat Balance 232 22.2 Vessel Heat Up 232 22.3 Pumping System Temperature 232 References 233 23 FLOW TO RUN FULL 235 23.1 Open Flow 235 23.2 Full Flow 237 23.3 Submerged Flow 237 23.4 Reactor Application 239 Further Reading 240 APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 1 ATMOSPHERE 241 APPENDIX B PIPE SIZE DATA 245 B.1 Commercial Pipe Data 246 APPENDIX C PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSIONS 253 C.1 Important Physical Constants 253 C.2 Unit Conversions 254 APPENDIX D COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR EQUATIONS 263 D.1 The Redlich Kwong Equation 263 D.2 The Lee Kesler Equation 264 D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 266 APPENDIX E ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH FRICTION, USING MACH NUMBER AS A PARAMETER 269 E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 269 E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272 E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272 E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 273 References 274 APPENDIX F VELOCITY PROFILE EQUATIONS 275 F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 275 F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 277 References 278 INDEX 279
| Verlagsort | New York |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 217 x 288 mm |
| Gewicht | 980 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-470-90102-0 / 0470901020 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-470-90102-1 / 9780470901021 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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