Nuclear Decommissioning, Waste Management, and Environmental Site Remediation (eBook)

Colin Bayliss, Kevin Langley (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2003 | 1. Auflage
330 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053778-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Decommissioning nuclear facilities is a relatively new field, which has developed rapidly in the last ten years. It involves materials that may be highly radioactive and therefore require sophisticated methods of containment and remote handling. The wastes arising from decommissioning are hazardous and have to be stored or disposed of safely in order to protect the environment and future generations. Nuclear decommissioning work must be carried out to the highest possible standards to protect workers, the general public and the environment. This book describes the techniques used for dismantling redundant nuclear facilities, the safe storage of radioactive wastes and the restoration of nuclear licensed sites.

* Describes the techniques used for dismantling nuclear facilities, safe storage of radioactive wastes, and the restoration of nuclear licensed facilities.
* Provides the reader with decommissioning experience accumulated over 15 years by UKAEA.
* Contains valuable information to personnel new to decommissioning and waste management.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Nuclear Decommissioning, Waste Management, and Environmental Site Remediation 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
About the authors 14
Contributors 16
Preface 18
Foreword 20
Part I: Fundamentals 22
Chapter 1. Setting the Scene 22
1-1 Introduction 22
1-2 The Evolution of the Current Organisational Arrangements in the UK 22
1-3 A European Perspective on Nuclear Power Generation 25
1-4 An International Perspective on Radioactive Waste Management 25
1-5 International Regulation and Collaboration 30
1-6 The Kyoto Protocol and OSPAR (Oslo Paris Convention) 34
1-7 Waste Production 37
1-8 Acronyms and Abbreviations 37
1-9 References 42
Chapter 2. Ionising Radiation and its Control 44
2-1 Introduction 44
2-2 The Properties of Radiation 44
2-3 Basic Concepts and Units 45
2-4 The Measurement of Radiation 46
2-5 The Biological Effects of Radiation 46
2-6 Radiological Protection Principles 48
2-7 Practical Advice on Radiation Protection Implementation 50
2-8 The Role of NRPB 51
2-9 Practical Advice on Principles for Solid Radioactive Waste Disposal 51
2-10 Exemption of Sources from Regulatory Controls 53
2-11 Chronic Exposures 53
2-12 Methods of Radiation Detection 53
2-13 Choosing Detection Equipment 55
2-14 Practical Aspects of Radiation Protection 56
2-15 Summary 59
2-16 References 61
Part II: Decommissioning 62
Chapter 3. Decommissioning „ Introduction and Overview 62
3-1 Definition and Scope 62
3-2 Stages of Decommissioning 62
3-3 Drivers Determining Decommissioning Plans and Programs 63
3-4 Risk Versus Hazard 64
3-5 Contrasting Reactor Decommissioning With Other Facilities 64
3-6 Availability of Guidance and Reference Information 65
3-7 References 67
Chapter 4. Typical Government Policy on Decommissioning 68
4-1 Introduction 68
4-2 How and Why is Government Involved? 68
4-3 Some of the Key Drivers for Government 69
4-4 Current Developments 71
4-5 Decommissioning Research Framework Programs of the European Community 72
4-6 The Challenges Ahead 73
4-7 References 73
Chapter 5. The Transition from Operations to Decommissioning 74
5-1 Introduction 74
5-2 Preparing for the Transition 74
5-3 Human Resource Issues 75
5-4 Information Requirements 75
5-5 Implementation lssues 76
5-6 Costs of Transition Activities 76
Chapter 6. Reactor Decommissioning „ The Safestore Concept 78
6-1 Introduction 78
6-2 Decommissioning and Radioactivity 78
6-3 Decommissioning Activities 82
6-4 Paying for Decommissioning 83
6-5 References 88
Chapter 7. Decommissioning PIE and Other Facilities 90
7-1 Introduction 90
7-2 Key Issues to be Considered 90
7-3 Alpha and Gamma Radiation Working 90
7-4 Decommissioning Examples 92
Chapter 8. Preparation of Documentation for Decommissioning 98
8-1 Introduction 98
8-2 Decommissioning Plan and Program 98
8-3 Decommissioning Safety Case 98
8-4 Conventional Safety Documentation Requirements 99
8-5 Management Procedures and Quality Assurance 100
8-6 Examples of Typical Safety Documentation 101
Chapter 9. Radiological Characterisation 104
9-1 Introduction 104
9-2 General Approach 104
9-3 Characterisation Plan 105
9-4 In Situ Measurements 105
9-5 Sampling and Analysis 106
9-6 Quality Assurance Requirements 108
9-7 Characterisation Report 109
9-8 Reference 109
Chapter 10. Decontamination Techniques 110
10-1 Introduction 110
10-2 Objectives and Constraints for Decontamination 110
10-3 Characteristics of Decontamination Techniques 111
10-4 Waste Minimisation and Treatment 113
10-5 Selecting a Decontamination Technique 115
10-6 Positive and Negative Experiences from Completed Projects 116
10-7 References 116
Chapter 11. Dismantling Techniques 120
11-1 Introduction 120
11-2 Cutting Techniques 120
11-3 Remote Handling Techniques 125
11-4 Radiological Protection During Dismantling 126
11-5 Case Study: WAGR Decommissioning 128
Part III: Project and Program Management 134
Chapter 12. Site Environmental Restoration Program Management 134
12-1 Introduction 134
12-2 The Framework for Environmental Restoration Program Management 134
12-3 The Strategic Plan 134
12-4 The Integrated Site Restoration Plan 139
12-5 Making the Case for a Project to Proceed 140
12-6 The Project Sanction Process 140
12-7 Principles for Carrying out Financial Appraisals 144
12-8 References 146
Chapter 13. Project Investment Appraisal and Contract Strategy 148
13-1 Introduction 148
13-2 Capital Investment 148
13-3 Project Identification 150
13-4 Appraisal Methods 150
13-5 Project Investment Examples 152
13-6 Modern Contract Strategy in the Nuclear Industry 155
13-7 Alternative Sources of Funds 159
13-8 References 161
Chapter 14. Hazard Reduction and Project Prioritisation 162
14-1 Introduction 162
14-2 Understanding Risk and Dose 162
14-3 Hazard Reduction 164
14-4 Project Prioritisation 165
14-5 Case Studies 167
14-6 References 171
Chapter 15. Decommissioning Cost Estimating 174
15-1 Introduction 174
15-2 Conventional Cost Estimating 174
15-3 Standardised Cost Listings 176
15-4 Parametric Cost Estimating 178
15-5 Reference 180
Part IV: Waste Management 182
Chapter 16. Waste Management „ Introduction and Overview 182
16-1 Requirements to Manage Radioactive Wastes 182
16-2 Characterisation and Segregation 183
16-3 Passive Safety 184
16-4 Classification of Wastes 184
16-5 Summary 186
16-6 Reference 187
Chapter 17. Waste Management Strategy 188
17-1 Introduction 188
17-2 Waste Management Strategy Requirements 188
17-3 Elements of a Waste Management Strategy 190
17-4 Strategic Planning 192
17-5 Integration and Costing 192
17-6 Review and Updating 193
17-7 Fundamentals of Licensees' Strategies 193
17-8 Summary 196
17-9 References 196
Chapter 18. Policy and Regulatory Aspects of Waste Management 198
18-1 Introduction 198
18-2 Nuclear Site Operations 198
18-3 Environmental Policy and Regulation 199
18-4 EnvironmentalManagement System (EMS) 208
18-5 Organisational Framework 209
18-6 Tolerability of Risk 209
18-7 References 213
Chapter 19. Management of Low Level Wastes (LLW) 214
19-1 Introduction 214
19-2 Sources of LLW 214
19-3 LLW Disposal 216
19-4 LLW Disposal Practices 219
19-5 LLW Conditioning Facilities 219
19-6 Reference 221
Chapter 20. Management of Intermediate Level Wastes (ILW) 222
20-1 Introduction 222
20-2 Regulatory Requirements for ILW 222
20-3 Sources and Processing Requirements 223
20-4 Standard Waste Packages and Specifications 224
20-5 ILW Conditions for Acceptance for Interim Storage and/or Eventual Disposal 230
20-6 Case Study „ Waste Packaging Exercise 232
20-7 References 240
Chapter 21. Management of High Level Wastes (HLW) 242
21-1 Introduction 242
21-2 Origins and Disposition of HLW 242
21-3 Spent Fuel 242
21-4 HLW Characteristics and Inventory Data 245
21-5 HLW Current World Disposal Status 248
21-6 References 248
Chapter 22. Transport 250
22-1 Introduction 250
22-2 Regulatory Requirements for Transport 250
22-3 Examples of Waste Transport Packages 255
22-4 Transport of Large Items of Decommissioning Waste 257
22-5 Regulatory Considerations in the UK 259
22-6 Waste Transport Planning 260
22-7 References 260
Part V: Site Environmental Remediation 262
Chapter 23. Site Remediation „ Principles and Regulatory Aspects 262
23-1 Introduction 262
23-2 Delicensing 262
23-3 Chemically Contaminated Land 263
23-4 Radioactively Contaminated Land 264
23-5 Principles for Management of Contaminated Land 264
23-6 Best Practicable Environmental Option 265
23-7 Summary 266
Chapter 24. Characterisation of Contaminated Land 268
24-1 Introduction 268
24-2 Desk Studies 268
24-3 Walk Over Surveys 268
24-4 Planning the Characterisation Program 269
24-5 Health, Safety, and Logistical Issues 269
24-6 Nonintrusive Surveys 270
24-7 Intrusive Surveys 271
24-8 Logging, Sampling, and Analysis 271
24-9 Interpretation and Modeling 272
24-10 Databasing and GIS 272
24-11 Guidance on Site Investigation 272
24-12 References 273
Chapter 25. Technologies for Remediating Contaminated Land 276
25-1 Introduction 276
25-2 Waste Minimisation 276
25-3 Immobilisation, Stabilisation, and Solidification 280
25-4 Containment Systems and Hydraulic Measures 281
25-5 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater 282
25-6 Best Practicable Environmental Option 282
25-7 References 283
Appendices 284
Appendix 1. Country Specific Examples of Radioactive Waste Management Programs 284
AI-1 Belgium 284
A1-2 Canada 286
A1-3 Finland 287
A1-4 France 289
A1-5 Germany 290
A1-6 Japan 291
A1-7 The Netherlands 293
A1-8 Spain 295
A1-9 Sweden 297
AI-10 Switzerland 298
AI-11 The United Kingdom 300
Al-12 The United States of America 301
Al-13 Central and Eastern European Countries 303
Appendix 2. An Example of a Project Sanction Case „ Repacking of Harwell Legacy Intermediate Level Wastes 306
A2-1 Introduction 306
A2-2 Objective 307
A2-3 Recommendation 307
A2-4 Technical Appraisal of Options 307
A2-5 Implementation 309
A2-6 Public Relations 319
A2-7 Conclusions 319
A2-8 Description of B459 319
A2-9 References 327
Appendix 3. An Example of a Site Remediation Project „ Dounreay Castle Ground Remediation 328
A3-1 Background 328
A3-2 Site Characterisation 328
A3-3 Option Study 330
A3-4 Design 331
A3-5 Implementation 333
A3-6 Risk Assessment 335
A3-7 References 336
Appendix 4 338
A4-1 Internet Information 338
A4-2 Book List 339
Appendix 5. Elements and Isotopes 342
A5-1 Introduction 342
A5-2 The Nucleus 342
A5-3 Radioactivity 343
A5-4 Half-Life 344
A5-5 Table of Elements 346
A5-6 Reactor Grade Plutonium Decay 347
Index 348

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.10.2003
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-053778-2 / 0080537782
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-053778-8 / 9780080537788