UMTS Network Planning and Development (eBook)

Design and Implementation of the 3G CDMA Infrastructure

Chris Braithwaite, Mike Scott (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2003 | 1. Auflage
344 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-047465-6 (ISBN)

Infos

UMTS is the wireless network technology behind the rollout of Third Generation (3G) mobile telecoms networks which will bring video, music and internet services to the cellphone and a range of electronic products.
Chris Braithwaite and Mike Scott use their extensive experience of training engineers across Europe, and their backgrounds in working with Nokia, Ericsson and Orange to deliver a uniquely practical guide written from the perspective of the engineer and network planner. This guide is a valuable addition to the literature on UMTS which to date has been dominated by theoretical and reference works. The authors consider each of the key topics of UMTS/WCDMA and 3G rollout in terms of Coverage, Capacity and Quality of Service- the key considerations for all engineers and managers working in 3G telecoms.

*A real-world design guide with cookbook-style instructions and rules of thumb, not another R&D-level book or crib to the standards.
*Covers the hot engineering issues in UMTS planning, design and implementation.
*UMTS is the natural evolutionary choice for operations of GSM networks, currently representing a customer base of more than 747 million end users in over 180 countries and representing over 70% of today's digital wireless market[source: GSM Association]

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 6
List of Figures 16
List of Tables 20
Author Profiles 22
Acknowledgements 24
Preface 26
1 Introduction 28
1.1 General Mobile Telecoms 28
1.1.1 Mobile Telecoms Today 28
1.1.2 Development to 2G Status 29
1.2 Transition from 2G to 2.5G to 3G 29
1.3 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System 30
1.3.1 Early Developments 31
1.3.2 Universal System Agreements 33
1.3.3 System Capability 33
1.3.4 3G Development Process 34
1.4 3G Network Planning 37
1.4.1 3G Roll-out Strategy 37
1.4.2 The Coverage, Capacity, and Quality Model 38
Part I NETWORK PLANNING AND 3G FOUNDATIONS 40
2 Wideband CDMA Network Planning 42
2.1 Radio Network Planning Process 43
2.1.1 Capacity 44
2.1.1.1 Capacity Boosting Techniques 45
2.1.1.2 Soft Capacity 46
2.1.2 Coverage 46
2.1.2.1 Target Coverage 47
2.1.2.2 Sectorization and Adaptive Beam Forming 48
2.1.3 Quality of Service 48
2.1.3.1 Planning with Regard to Quality of Service 49
2.2 Developing Procedures for Planning and Maximizing Capacity and Coverage 49
2.2.1 Preparation 50
2.2.2 Number of Users 51
2.2.3 Management of the Network Plan 51
2.3 Development of the Network Design Plan 52
2.3.1 Traffic Analysis 53
2.3.1.1 Traffic Intensity 53
2.3.1.2 Sample Usage and Service Offerings 54
2.3.2 Cell Coverage Estimation 55
2.3.2.1 Link Budget 56
2.3.2.2 Soft Handover Gain 57
2.3.2.3 Coverage Limited 57
2.3.2.4 Capacity Limited 57
2.3.2.5 Load Factor 58
2.3.3 Cell Count Estimation Model 59
2.3.4 Area Coverage Probability 59
2.3.4.1 Area Coverage Probability – Outage 60
2.3.4.2 Cell Edge Coverage Probability 61
2.3.5 Blocking 62
2.3.5.1 The Poisson Distribution 62
2.3.6 Simulation Analysis of Network Design Plan 63
2.4 Optimization 65
Part II CAPACITY AND NETWORK PLANNING 68
3 Detailed Network Planning 70
3.1 Control Channel Power Planning and Its Effects on Coverage and Capacity 71
3.2 Capacity and Soft Handover Parameter Planning 72
3.2.1 Soft Capacity Calculations 73
3.2.2 Soft Capacity Assumptions 74
3.2.3 Soft Capacity as a Function of Bit Rate 75
3.2.4 Soft Capacity and Radio Resource Management 76
3.3 Capacity Enhancements with Inter-frequency Handover Planning 76
3.3.1 Microcells and Macrocells on Different Frequencies 77
3.3.2 Microcells and Macrocells on the Same Frequency 78
3.4 Changes in Capacity and Quality of Service with Non-uniform Traffic 80
3.5 Coverage Changes with Adaptive Control of Cell Radius 81
3.6 Pilot Power and Pilot Pollution 81
3.7 Soft Handover Planning in Terms of Capacity and Coverage 83
3.8 Hierarchical Cell Structures 84
3.9 Code Requirements and Their Effects on Capacity 85
3.9.1 Static and Dynamic Codes 87
3.9.2 Pseudo-noise Sequences 87
3.9.3 Orthogonal Codes 88
3.9.3.1 Walsh Codes 89
3.10 Code Planning 90
3.11 Characterization of the Radio Frequency Environment 91
3.12 Radio Network Testing 92
4 Network Dimensioning 94
4.1 Dimensioning 95
4.1.1 Traffic Modelling and Services 95
4.1.2 Channel Element Planning 95
4.1.2.1 Channel Element Example 97
4.2 Transmission Capacity 99
4.3 Multi-user Detection 102
4.3.1 Range Extension with Multi-user Detection in Loaded Networks 104
4.4 Spectrum Efficiency Comparison – Uplink and Downlink 105
4.5 Uplink and Downlink Load Factors 106
4.5.1 Uplink Load Factors 106
4.5.1.1 Uplink Noise Rise 107
4.5.2 Downlink Load Factor 108
4.5.3 Soft Handover 110
4.6 Uplink and Downlink Capacity 110
4.6.1 Uplink Capacity 110
4.6.2 Downlink Capacity 111
4.7 Capacity Improvements 113
4.7.1 Additional Frequencies 113
4.7.2 Sectorization 114
4.7.3 Transmitting Diversity 114
4.7.4 Lower Bit Rate Codes 114
Part III COVERAGE AND NETWORK PLANNING 118
5 3G Co-planning and co-existence 120
5.1 Co-existing with 2G 120
5.2 3G Co-planning with 2G Networks 122
5.2.1 Co-planning Parameters 124
5.3 Intermodulation 124
5.3.1 Intermodulation Products 125
5.3.2 Intermodulation and 2G/3G Site Share 126
5.4 Isolation Requirements 128
5.5 External Operator Interference 128
5.5.1 Example of External Operator Interference 129
5.5.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio 130
5.5.3 Adjacent Channel Attenuation 132
5.5.4 An Adjacent Channel Interference Scenario 134
5.6 Uplink Simulations 135
5.6.1 Planning Adjacent Channel Interference 138
5.7 UMTS Radio Carriers 139
5.7.1 Carrier to Interference Ratio 140
5.7.2 Guard Bands and Zones 141
5.7.3 Frequency Sharing 142
5.8 Inter-system Handovers (Slotted Mode) 143
5.8.1 Dual Mode 143
5.8.2 Slotted Mode 144
6 Influence of Link Budgets on 3G Coverage 146
6.1 Introduction 146
6.2 Link Budgets and Loads 147
6.2.1 Interference Margin 147
6.2.2 Fast Fading 147
6.2.3 Soft Handover Gain 148
6.2.4 Energy per Bit per Noise Spectral Density 148
6.2.4.1 Processing Gain 149
6.2.4.2 Eb/No Requirements as a Function of Load 150
6.2.5 Uplink Budget 151
6.2.6 Downlink Budget 151
6.2.7 Propagation Model 153
6.2.8 Sample Budget Calculation 154
6.2.9 Link Budget Examples 154
6.2.9.1 Link Budget Example – 12.2 kbps 155
6.2.9.2 Link Budget Example – 144 kbps 159
6.2.9.3 Link Budget Example – 384 kbps 160
6.3 Coverage Versus Capacity in Relation to Link Budgets 160
6.4 Transmit Diversity 163
6.4.1 Downlink Transmit Diversity 164
6.4.2 Uplink and Downlink Transmit Diversity 165
6.4.3 Capacity and Coverage Gains with Transmit Diversity 166
6.5 Range Calculation Parameters 168
6.5.1 Cell Load and Range 171
6.5.1.1 Reduction in Cell Range 171
6.5.2 Effects on Cell Coverage due to Parameter Modifications 172
6.5.3 Typical Coverage in 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System 173
6.6 Coverage Versus Different Bit Rates 174
6.6.1 Overheads for Different Bit Rates 175
6.7 Coverage Improvements 177
6.8 Summary 178
Summary for Part III 179
Part IV QUALITY AND NETWORK PLANNING 180
7 Quality of Service 182
7.1 Quality of Service 182
7.2 Service Capabilities 184
7.3 Quality-of-Service Traffic Classes 185
7.3.1 Conversational Class (Optimum Real-Time Quality of Service) 185
7.3.2 Streaming Class 186
7.3.3 Interactive Class 186
7.3.4 Background Class 186
7.4 Quality-of-Service Mechanisms 187
8 Radio Resource Management 190
8.1 Introduction 190
8.2 Admission Control 191
8.2.1 Admission Control Strategy 193
8.2.2 Levels of Admission Control 194
8.3 Load Control (Congestion Control) 194
8.3.1 Load Control Actions 194
8.4 Packet Scheduler and Load Control 196
8.5 Interference Margin 197
8.6 Power Control 198
8.6.1 Power Control Mechanisms 199
8.6.1.1 Open Loop 200
8.6.1.2 Closed Loop 201
8.6.1.3 Outer Loop and Inner Loop 201
8.6.1.4 Outer Loop 202
8.6.2 Fast Power Control 203
8.6.3 Improved Quality with the Power Control Signalling 205
8.6.4 Uplink Fast Power Control – Intercell Interference 206
8.7 Handover Mechanism 207
8.7.1 Handover Decision and Parameters 208
8.7.2 Soft Handover Algorithm 210
8.7.3 Handover Measurements 211
8.8 Multi-path Components 213
8.8.1 Macro diversity 213
8.8.2 Micro diversity 214
Part V OPTIMIZATION AND NETWORK PLANNING 218
9 Radio Environments and Microcell Planning 220
9.1 Microcell Planning 220
9.1.1 Corner Effect 222
9.1.2 Pathloss Attenuation 223
9.1.3 Soft Handover Design in Microcell Environments 225
9.2 Radio Environments 228
9.2.1 Indoor/Office Environment Planning 228
9.2.2 Outdoor to Indoor Pedestrian Environment 230
9.2.2.1 Manhattan Example 230
9.2.3 Vehicular Radio Environment 231
10 3G Planning Methodologies and Tools 234
10.1 Planning Methodologies 234
10.2 Planning Methodology Comparisons 235
10.3 3G Planning Tool Utilization 236
10.4 Planning Using Monte Carlo Simulations 237
10.4.1 Monte Carlo Input Parameters 239
10.4.2 Monte Carlo Iterations 240
10.4.3 Monte Carlo Results Analysis 242
10.4.4 Propagation Models 242
10.4.4.1 Empirical Model 243
10.4.4.2 Deterministic Models (Ray Tracing) 243
10.4.4.3 Street Canyon Model 245
10.5 Mapping Data Requirements 245
10.6 Carrier Wave Measurements 246
11 Nominal Planning and Site Selection 248
11.1 Nominal Planning 248
11.1.1 Initial Network Dimensioning 248
11.1.2 Spreadsheet Dimensioning 250
11.1.3 Creation of a Nominal Plan 252
11.1.4 Defining Search Areas 253
11.1.5 Site Options 254
11.2 Perform Site Selection 255
11.2.1 Radio Requirements 255
11.2.2 Transmission Requirements 255
11.2.3 Access Requirements 256
11.2.4 Power and Planning Requirements 257
11.3 Effective and Ineffective 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Sites 258
11.4 Suggested Antenna Heights 258
11.4.1 Dense Urban Sites 259
11.4.2 Light Urban and Dense Suburban Sites 260
11.4.3 Light Suburban Sites 260
11.4.4 Rural and Highway Sites 260
11.5 Traffic Calculation 260
11.5.1 Traffic Evaluation 261
12 Optimization through Detailed Site and Antenna Configuration 264
12.1 Introduction 264
12.1.1 Basics of Site and Antenna Configuration 264
12.1.2 Basics of Optimization and Configuration 265
12.2 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Antenna Arrangements 265
12.2.1 Transmit Diversity 266
12.2.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity 267
12.2.3 Other Antenna Arrangements 268
12.2.3.1 Dual System Antennas 269
12.3 Ancillary Equipment 270
12.3.1 Tower-Mounted Amplifiers 270
12.4 Antenna and Site Configurations 272
12.4.1 Three- and Six-Sector Configuration 273
12.4.2 Omni-transmit and Omni-receive 273
12.5 Site Optimization 274
12.5.1 Uplink Coverage Gain 275
12.5.2 Downlink Coverage Gain 276
12.5.3 Isolation Requirements 276
12.5.3.1 Co-siting Antennas 278
12.5.4 Antenna Tilts 279
12.5.5 Mounting of Antennas 280
12.6 Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service Versus Optimization Summary 283
Part VI UMTS (3G) DEVELOPMENT 284
13 UMTS (3G) Development and Future Technologies 286
13.1 Main Components of 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Services 286
13.2 Universal Mobile Telephony System (3G) Business Case 288
13.3 Implementation Aspects 291
14 Wireless Technologies of the Future 294
14.1 The Move towards 4G 294
14.2 Stable 2G and 3G Networks 294
14.3 Market Developments and Demands 295
14.4 4G 296
14.5 The Move from 3G to 4G 297
14.6 Technology Required for 4G 298
14.6.1 Wireless Technologies 300
14.6.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks 300
14.6.1.2 Mobile Broadband Systems 302
14.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 302
14.8 Future Vision of Communications 304
References and Bibliography 306
Glossary 314
Index 326

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.12.2004
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Elektrodynamik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-047465-9 / 0080474659
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-047465-6 / 9780080474656