Water Management at Abandoned Flooded Underground Mines (eBook)

Fundamentals, Tracer Tests, Modelling, Water Treatment

Christian Wolkersdorfer (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2008
XX, 465 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-77331-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This book addresses the processes related to mine abandonment from a hydrogeological perspective and provides a comprehensive presentation of water management and innovative tracer techniques for flooded mines. After an introduction to the relevant hydrogeochemical processes the book gives detailed information about mine closure procedures. The book also includes case studies and hints, and some new methodologies for conducting tracer tests in flooded mines.

Inhalt

1 Acknowledgements 7
2 Preface 9
Contents 11
Abbreviations 17
3 Introduction 21
3.1 Mining Issues 21
3.2 How to read this book 25
4 Hydrogeochemistry of Mine Water 29
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 The Process Starts: Abiotic Disulphide Weathering 30
4.3 The Process goes on: Metal Dissolution 33
4.4 The Process is Speeded up: The Role of Microorganisms 37
4.4.1 Introduction and Metabolism 37
4.4.2 Mechanisms of Organism–Mineral Interaction 42
4.5 The Process Slows Down: Buffering of the Acidity 43
4.6 The Process Ends: Mineral Precipitates 45
4.7 Predicting the Post-Mining Chemical Composition 50
4.8 Radionuclides in non-Uranium Mines 52
5 Insights into Mine Closure 57
5.1 Reasons for Mine Closure 57
5.2 Post-Mining Sustainability of Mine Sites 57
5.3 Previous Mine Flooding Studies 65
5.4 Effects Contributing to Mine Water Constituents 66
5.4.1 The First Flush 66
5.4.2 The Effects of Storm Events 69
5.5 Reasons for Mine Flooding 72
5.5.1 General Aspects of Mine Flooding 72
5.5.2 Surface Mines 75
5.5.3 Underground Mines 78
5.5.4 Mine Water Inrushes 82
5.6 Remining Abandoned Mines – A Special Type of Remediation 83
5.7 Diverting Water 87
5.7.1 Why Divert Water? 87
5.7.2 General Measures to Keep the Water Away 88
5.7.3 Physical Barriers 91
5.7.4 Mine Entrance Sealing 96
5.7.5 Quality Control Issues 100
5.7.6 Examples and Case Studies 101
5.8 Mine Dewatering 104
5.8.1 Introduction 104
5.8.2 Dewatering Techniques 106
5.8.3 Disposal and Treatment of Dewatering Ef.uents 109
5.8.4 Drawdown Management 111
5.9 Prediction of Ground Water Rebound 115
5.10 Unexpected Mine Water Discharges During Flooding 120
5.11 Mine Closure Legislation and Guidelines – Some Aspects 122
6 Do’s and Don’ts of Mine Closure 127
6.1 General remarks 127
6.2 Shafts 128
6.3 Adits 129
6.4 Choosing the Final Water Level 131
7 Hydrodynamics 135
7.1 Flow Patterns in Flooded Mines 135
7.1.1 Introduction 135
7.1.2 Type of Flow in Flooded Voids 135
7.2 Strati..cation in Flooded Underground Mines 140
7.2.1 Description of the Stratification Problem 140
7.2.2 Stratification in Underground Mines and Shafts 144
8 Mine Closure Flow Models and Geochemical Modelling 149
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Empirical Models 151
8.3 Analytical Models 153
8.4 Numerical Models 154
8.5 Models Based on Monte Carlo Methods 156
8.6 Geochemical Modelling 157
9 Monitoring and Sampling 161
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Flow Measurements 162
9.2.1 Direct Flow Measurement 162
9.2.2 Mine Water Tracing 189
9.3 Physico-Chemical Measurements 192
9.3.1 Sampling Procedures 192
9.3.2 On-site Parameters 198
9.3.3 Presentation of Results 206
9.3.4 Regression and Data Prediction 212
9.3.5 Interpretation of Data 214
10 Tracer Techniques for Mines 215
10.1 Why Conduct a Mine Water Tracer Test? 215
10.1.1 Objectives of Mine Water Tracer Tests 215
10.1.2 Aims of Mine Water Tracer Tests 216
10.1.3 Possible Mine Water Tracers 217
10.2 Tracers and their Use 218
10.2.1 Introduction 218
10.2.2 What are Tracers? 218
10.2.3 What are Tracers used for? 221
10.2.4 Requirements for Tracers 222
10.2.5 Types of Tracers 222
10.3 Preparation 228
10.3.1 Hydrogeological examination 228
10.3.2 Selection of Injection and Sampling Sites 229
10.3.3 Which Tracers shall be used? 230
10.3.4 How much Tracer must be used? 231
10.3.5 Tracer Test Plan 233
10.4 Approval Procedure 234
10.4.1 Legal Regulations 234
10.4.2 Necessary Details within the Application 235
10.5 Execution 235
10.5.1 Injection Time and Injection Type 235
10.5.2 Sampling 236
10.5.3 Tracer Analyses 238
10.5.4 Documentation and Presentation 239
10.6 Evaluation and Characteristics of the Tracer Test 240
10.6.1 Porous Aquifer 240
10.6.2 Fractured Aquifer 241
10.6.3 Karst Aquifer 243
10.6.4 Mine Aquifer (Underground Mines) 244
10.6.5 Evaluation of Breakthrough Curves 246
10.7 Quality Control and Data Storage 247
10.7.1 Quality Assurance – Quality Control 247
10.7.2 Data Storage and Management 251
11 Mine Water Treatment and Ground Water Protection 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Physical Treatment of Inert Solids and Oil 257
11.3 Active Treatment 260
11.4 Passive Treatment 263
11.4.1 Introduction 263
11.4.1 Open Limestone Channels 268
11.4.3 Anoxic Limestone Drain (ALD) 270
11.4.4 Aerobic Constructed Wetlands 271
11.4.5 Compost (Anaerobic) Constructed Wetlands 275
11.4.6 RAPS (Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems) 276
11.4.7 Reactive Barriers 279
11.4.8 Phytoremediation 280
11.5 Natural Attenuation 281
11.6 In-Situ and At-Source Treatment Methods 284
11.7 Use of Mine Water 290
11.8 Ground Water Protection 295
12 Flooded Underground Mines: Case Studies 299
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Northern Anthracite Fields, Pennsylvania, USA 301
12.2.1 Description of Location 301
12.2.2 Appearance of Strati.cation 303
12.3 Picher Mining District, Oklahoma, USA 306
12.3.1 Description of Location 306
12.3.2 Appearance of Strati.cation 307
12.3.3 Conclusions 308
12.4 North-Rhine/Westphalian Coal and Ore Mines, Germany 309
12.4.1 Description of Locations 309
12.4.2 Appearance of Stratification 311
12.4.3 Laboratory Experiment 313
12.4.4 Conclusions 313
12.5 Ronneburg Uranium Mine, Thuringia, Germany 314
12.5.1 Description of Location 314
12.5.2 Appearance and Interpretation of Stratification 315
12.6 Frazer’s Grove Mines, County Durham, United Kingdom 316
12.6.1 Description of Location 316
12.6.2 Appearance of Strati.cation 317
12.6.3 Results and Interpretation 319
12.7 Frances Colliery, Scotland, United Kingdom 320
12.7.1 Description of Location 320
12.7.2 Appearance and Interpretation of Stratification 320
12.8 Stahlberg Iron Mine, Siegerland, Germany 321
12.8.1 Description of Location 321
12.8.2 Appearance and Interpretation of Stratification 322
12.9 Niederschlema/ Alberoda, Saxony, Germany 324
12.9.1 Description of Location 324
12.9.2 Investigations conducted 325
12.9.3 Appearance of Stratification 326
12.9.4 Results and Interpretation 327
12.10 Felsendome Rabenstein, Saxony, Germany 333
12.10.1 Description of Location 333
12.10.2 Appearance of Stratification 335
12.10.3 Investigations conducted 336
12.10.4 Results and Interpretation 336
12.11 Straßberg, Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany 338
12.11.1 Description of Location 338
12.11.2 Appearance of Stratification 338
12.11.3 Forced Flow Situation and Tracer Investigations 339
12.12 Reiche Zeche, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany 341
12.12.1 Description of Location 341
12.12.2 Investigations, Stratification, and Interpretation 343
12.13 Georgi Unterbau, Tyrol, Austria 345
12.13.1 Description of Location 345
12.13.2 Investigations and Appearance of Stratification 346
12.13.3 Results and Interpretation 348
12.14 Salt mines 350
12.14.1 Description of Locations and Investigations 350
12.14.2 Appearance and Interpretation of Stratification 352
13 Literature 357
14 Appendices 441
Appendix I: Electrical Conductivity Calculations 441
Appendix II: Weir Equations 444
Introductory Remarks 444
Symbols and Notation for Appendix II 445
V-notch (Thomson) Weirs (90°, ½ 90°, ¼ 90°) 446
Rectangular, full Width Notch (Poncelet) Weirs 448
Rectangular, Contracted Notch (Poncelet) Weirs 449
Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Weirs 451
Appendix III: The Berlin I and II Guidelines 452
15 Index 455

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.2.2008
• Zusatzinfo: XX, 465 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: ecotoxicology • Fundament • Hydrodynamics • hydrogeology • Hydrology • Mineral Resources • Mining • Mining engineering • Monitoring • tracer tests • Water Policy • Water Quality and Water Pollution
• ISBN-10: 3-540-77331-2 / 3540773312
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-77331-3 / 9783540773313