Haematology (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-26426-2 (ISBN)
As the science and practice of haematology continues to advance at a considerable rate, Haematology Lecture Notes remains a comprehensive guide to this diverse subject, and provides support in understanding the pathogenesis and management of haematological disorders.
Successfully integrating the physiological, pathological, and clinical aspects of haematology, this new edition includes new material on molecular and cellular diagnostics, expanded coverage on haemostasis, malignant haematology and transplant, and features self-assessment questions at the end of each chapter.
Thoroughly revised and updated, Haematology Lecture Notes provides the core subject knowledge required by students and junior doctors to excel in this specialty.
Dr Chris S. R. Hatton FRCP, FRCPath, Consultant Haematologist, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
Dr Deborah Hay is Wellcome Trust Clinical Training Fellow at the Molecular Haematology Unit, Oxford and is also Haematology co-ordinator of the undergraduate medical programme at Oxford, UK.
Dr David Keeling MD, MRCP, MRCPath is Consultant Haematologist at the Oxford Haemaphilia and Thrombosis Centre, Oxford, UK.
Dr Chris S. R. Hatton FRCP, FRCPath, Consultant Haematologist, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. Dr Deborah Hay is Wellcome Trust Clinical Training Fellow at the Molecular Haematology Unit, Oxford and is also Haematology co-ordinator of the undergraduate medical programme at Oxford, UK. Dr David Keeling MD, MRCP, MRCPath is Consultant Haematologist at the Oxford Haemaphilia and Thrombosis Centre, Oxford, UK.
Cover???????????????????????? 1
Title Page?????????????????????????????????? 5
Copyright???????????????????????????????? 6
Contents?????????????????????????????? 7
Preface???????????????????????????? 9
About the companion website???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 11
Chapter 1 An introduction to haematopoiesis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13
Where is blood formed??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13
Haematopoietic stem cells???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13
Differentiating blood cells???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15
Myelopoiesis?????????????????????????????????????? 15
Granulocytes and their function???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15
Monocytopoiesis and monocyte function???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17
Megakaryocytes and platelet function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17
Erythropoiesis and red cell function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18
Lymphopoiesis???????????????????????????????????????? 19
Summary???????????????????????????? 21
Chapter 2 Anaemia: General principles???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 23
Anaemia???????????????????????????? 23
Symptoms and signs of anaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 24
Normal control of red cell production???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 24
Morphological classification of anaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25
Microcytic anaemia: iron handling and iron deficiency anaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25
Iron absorption???????????????????????????????????????????? 26
How does iron deficiency arise????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 28
Manifestations of iron deficiency???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 29
Confirming a diagnosis of iron deficiency???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 30
Treating iron deficiency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31
Other causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31
Normocytic anaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 32
Anaemia of chronic disease?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 32
Other causes of normocytic anaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33
Macrocytic anaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33
Causes of megaloblastic anaemia: vitamin B12 and folate deficiency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33
How do B12 and folate deficiency arise????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33
Clinical manifestations of B12 and folate deficiency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 35
Confirming a diagnosis of B12 or folate deficiency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 36
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 37
Other causes of megaloblastosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 37
Normoblastic macrocytosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 37
Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38
True polycythaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38
Chapter 3 Haemolytic anaemias???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 39
Laboratory evidence of haemolysis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 40
Clinical features of haemolysis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 41
Classifying haemolytic anaemias and establishing a diagnosis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42
Congenital haemolytic anaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42
Haemolysis resulting from defects of the red cell membrane?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42
Hereditary spherocytosis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42
Hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 45
Haemolysis caused by abnormalities of red cell enzymes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 45
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 45
Other red cell enzyme deficiencies causing haemolysis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48
Haemolysis resulting from haemoglobin defects???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48
Acquired haemolytic anaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48
Immune haemolytic anaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias 49
Warm AIHA 49
Cold haemagglutinin disease 50
Non-immune haemolytic anaemias 51
Mechanical damage to red cells 51
Non-immune haemolytic anaemia resulting from drugs 52
Hypersplenism 52
Chapter 4 Disorders of globin synthesis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 53
Normal structure and function of haemoglobin?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 53
Thalassaemia?????????????????????????????????????? 55
??????-Thalassaemia 55
?+Thalassaemia trait 56
?0 Thalassaemia trait 56
Haemoglobin H disease???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 56
Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 56
??????-Thalassaemia 57
??????-Thalassaemia trait 57
Homozygous ??????-thalassaemia 57
Clinical classification of the thalassaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 58
Clinical course and complications of thalassaemia major???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 58
Treatment of ??????-thalassaemia major 58
Genetic counselling and antenatal diagnosis of ??????-thalassaemia major 59
Structural haemoglobin variants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 59
Haemoglobin S???????????????????????????????????????? 59
Sickle cell trait???????????????????????????????????????????????? 60
Sickle cell anaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 60
Diagnosis???????????????????????????????? 62
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 64
Haemoglobins E and C?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 65
Chapter 5 Conditions associated with white cell abnormalities???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 67
Leucopenia?????????????????????????????????? 67
Neutropenia???????????????????????????????????? 67
Leucocytosis?????????????????????????????????????? 68
Neutrophil leucocytosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 68
Abnormalities of granulocyte morphology and function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 69
Eosinophilia?????????????????????????????????????? 69
Basophilia?????????????????????????????????? 70
Monocytosis???????????????????????????????????? 70
Lymphocytosis and lymphopenia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 70
Transient lymphocytosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 70
Persistent lymphocytosis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 70
Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 71
Infectious mononucleosis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 73
EBV infection???????????????????????????????????????? 73
Infection and immunity?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 73
CMV infection???????????????????????????????????????? 74
Toxoplasmosis???????????????????????????????????????? 75
HIV???????????????????? 75
Leucoerythroblastic reaction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 75
Chapter 6 Structure and function of lymphoid tissue???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 77
Lymph node structure?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 77
Other lymphoid tissue???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 78
Immunoglobulin structure and gene rearrangement???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 78
Light chains?????????????????????????????????????? 79
Heavy chains?????????????????????????????????????? 79
Antibody diversity?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
B-cell selection and maturation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
T-lymphocyte antigen receptors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
Natural killer cells?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
Cellular origin of lymphomas?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
Chapter 7 Lymphomas: General principles???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 83
Lymphomas versus leukaemias???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 83
Lymphomas???????????????????????????????? 83
Aetiology and epidemiology?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 83
Cytogenetics and molecular considerations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 84
Clinical manifestations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 88
Nodal and extranodal lymphomas?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 88
Diagnosis is made by biopsy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 88
Immunophenotyping???????????????????????????????????????????????? 88
Staging???????????????????????????? 88
Prognosis???????????????????????????????? 89
Treatment and management?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 89
Chapter 8 Classification of lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 93
Chapter 9 Neoplastic disorders of lymphoid cells?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 97
Hodgkin lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????? 97
Incidence and aetiology???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 98
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 99
Prognosis???????????????????????????????? 99
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 99
Positron emission tomography scanning and risk-adapted therapy?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 100
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 101
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 101
Pathology???????????????????????????????? 101
Cytogenetics?????????????????????????????????????? 101
Clinical and laboratory features?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 101
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 101
Prognosis???????????????????????????????? 102
Lymphoblastic lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 102
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 102
Hypogammaglobulinaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 103
Small lymphocytic B-cell lymphoma???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 103
Treatment of CLL/SLL?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 104
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia 104
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 104
Follicular lymphoma???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 104
Mantle cell lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 105
Hairy cell leukaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 105
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 106
Burkitt lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????? 107
Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas, including the group previously known as MALT lymphomas?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 108
HIV-related lymphoma?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 108
Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome 108
Chapter 10 Plasma cell myeloma and other paraproteinaemias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 109
Plasma cell myeloma???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 109
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 109
Bone destruction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 110
Renal failure???????????????????????????????????????? 110
Bone marrow failure???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 110
Bacterial infections?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 110
Hypercalcaemia?????????????????????????????????????????? 111
Amyloidosis???????????????????????????????????? 111
Hyperviscosity syndrome???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 111
Laboratory findings???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 111
Diagnosis???????????????????????????????? 112
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 113
Chemotherapy?????????????????????????????????????? 113
Radiotherapy?????????????????????????????????????? 113
Solitary plasmacytoma???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 113
Other paraproteinaemias and related disorders???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 114
Benign paraproteinaemia (benign monoclonal gammopathy or MGUS)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 114
Amyloidosis???????????????????????????????????? 114
Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia 115
Heavy chain diseases?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 115
Other lymphoproliferative disorders???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 115
Chapter 11 Neoplastic disorders of myeloid cells?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 117
Acute myeloid leukaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118
Aetiology???????????????????????????????? 118
Classification?????????????????????????????????????????? 118
Symptoms and signs?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118
Laboratory findings???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118
AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 119
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (M3)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 120
Treatment of AML?????????????????????????????????????????????? 121
The myelodysplastic syndromes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 121
Laboratory features???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 122
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 122
Myeloproliferative disorders?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 123
Chronic myeloid leukaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 123
Laboratory features???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 123
Clinical course???????????????????????????????????????????? 123
Philadelphia chromosome???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 123
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 124
Polycythaemia vera?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 125
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 125
Laboratory findings and natural history???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 125
Differential diagnosis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 125
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 126
Primary myelofibrosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 126
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 126
Laboratory findings???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 126
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 126
Essential thrombocythaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 127
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 128
Laboratory findings???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 128
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 128
Chapter 12 Bone marrow transplantation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 129
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 131
Complications of allogeneic BMT???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 132
Cytomegalovirus???????????????????????????????????????????? 132
Graft-versus-host disease???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 132
Graft-versus-leukaemia/lymphoma effect?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 132
Reduced intensity conditioning transplant???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133
Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (high-dose therapy)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133
Chapter 13 Aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 137
Aplastic anaemia?????????????????????????????????????????????? 137
Acquired aplastic anaemia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 137
Aetiology???????????????????????????????? 137
Pathophysiology???????????????????????????????????????????? 138
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 138
Haematological findings???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 138
Diagnosis???????????????????????????????? 139
Prognosis???????????????????????????????? 139
Treatment 139
Pure red cell aplasia???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 140
Chapter 14 Haemostasis, abnormal bleeding and anticoagulant therapy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 143
Normal haemostasis?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 144
Classification of haemostatic defects???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 144
Platelets???????????????????????????????? 144
Morphology and lifespan???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 144
Physiology?????????????????????????????????? 145
Tests of platelet function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 146
Bleeding time???????????????????????????????????????? 146
Platelet function analyser?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 146
Platelet aggregation studies?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 146
Thrombocytopenic and non-thrombocytopenic purpura???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 146
Causes of thrombocytopenia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 146
Failure of platelet production?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 147
Shortened platelet survival???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 147
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 147
Secondary autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Other immune thrombocytopenias?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Increased splenic pooling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Abnormalities of platelet function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 149
Acquired?????????????????????????????? 149
Inherited???????????????????????????????? 150
Glanzmann disease???????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
Bernard-Soulier disease???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
Storage pool diseases???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
Platelet transfusions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
Normal coagulation mechanism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
The fibrinolytic mechanism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 152
Tests for clotting defects?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 152
Activated partial thromboplastin time???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 153
Prothrombin time?????????????????????????????????????????????? 153
Congenital coagulation disorders?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 153
Haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 153
Genetics, prevalence and biochemistry???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 154
Detection of carriers and antenatal diagnosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 154
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 154
Diagnosis???????????????????????????????? 155
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 155
Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 156
Von Willebrand disease?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 156
Deficiency of other clotting factors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 157
Acquired coagulation disorders?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 157
Disseminated intravascular coagulation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 157
Diagnosis???????????????????????????????? 158
Treatment???????????????????????????????? 158
Acquired haemophilia?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 158
Anticoagulant drugs???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 158
Heparin???????????????????????????? 158
Warfarin?????????????????????????????? 159
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 159
Investigation of a patient with abnormal bleeding???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 159
Natural anticoagulant mechanisms and the prothrombotic state (thrombophilia)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 160
Antithrombin?????????????????????????????????????? 160
Protein C and protein S???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 160
Factor V Leiden and APC resistance?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 160
Prothrombin allele G20210A?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 161
Antiphospholipid syndrome???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 161
Chapter 15 Blood groups and blood transfusion???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 163
Blood transfusion and blood components?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 163
Transfusing red blood cells???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 164
ABO system?????????????????????????????????? 164
Rh system???????????????????????????????? 165
Other blood group systems???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 165
Cross-matching and compatibility?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 165
Antiglobulin test???????????????????????????????????????????????? 166
Procedure for obtaining compatible blood?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 166
Haemolytic disease of the newborn???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 166
Clinical features???????????????????????????????????????????????? 167
Management of mother and child?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 168
Haemolytic disease from anti-A and anti-B???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 168
Other blood components: platelets, plasma and granulocytes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 168
Hazards of blood transfusion: The SHOT report???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 169
Haemolytic reactions from incompatible red cells?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 170
Transfusion-transmitted infections?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 170
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 171
Cytomegalovirus???????????????????????????????????????????? 171
Hepatitis E???????????????????????????????????? 171
Other infections?????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
Immediate-type hypersensitivity???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
Transfusion-related acute lung injury???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
Circulatory overload?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
Citrate toxicity?????????????????????????????????????????????? 173
Other hazards???????????????????????????????????????? 173
Management of transfusion reactions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 173
Massive transfusion???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 173
Chapter 16 Cellular and molecular investigations in haematology???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 175
Immunophenotyping???????????????????????????????????????????????? 175
Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 175
Molecular genetics?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 177
Polymerase chain reaction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 178
Clonality studies???????????????????????????????????????????????? 179
Real time or semi-quantitative PCR?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 180
Next-generation sequencing?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 181
An integrated haematology laboratory report???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 183
Personalized medicine??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 183
Index???????????????????????? 185
EULA 190
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.7.2017 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Lecture Notes |
| Lecture Notes | Lecture Notes |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Hämatologie | |
| Schlagworte | Anaemia • Anticoagulant Therapy • Basic Medical Sciences • Blood • Blood Transfusion • Bone marrow • clinical practice • Haematology • haematopoiesis • haemostasis • Hämatologie • Hematology • Medical Science • medical student • Medicine • Medizin • Medizinische Grundlagenfächer • Molecular Biology • Molecular Diagnostics • pathogenesis • Pathology • Physiology • Red blood cells • Research • Transplant |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-26426-X / 111926426X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-26426-2 / 9781119264262 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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