Practical Transfusion Medicine (eBook)

Michael F. Murphy, David J. Roberts, Mark H. Yazer (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 5. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-12944-8 (ISBN)

Infos

The fifth edition of this practical textbook on transfusion medicine has been thoroughly revised with the latest in scientific and technological developments and edited by a leading team of international expert haematologists, including new co-editor Mark H. Yazer MD.

• A succinct and user-friendly resource of transfusion medicine for clinicians, scientists and trainees with key points, charts and algorithms
• Discusses practice in blood centres and hospitals including regulatory aspects, transfusion safety, production and storage, donor care, and blood transfusion in a global context
• Coverage of cellular and tissue therapies and organ transplantation including stem cell collection and haematopoietic stem cell processing and storage
• Review of the development of the evidence-base for transfusion medicine
• Content on the clinical practice for transfusion and alternatives to transfusion

MICHAEL F. MURPHY, Professor of Blood Transfusion Medicine, University of Oxford, UK

DAVID J. ROBERTS, Professor of Haematology, University of Oxford, UK

MARK H. YAZER, Professor of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Adjunct Professor of Clinical Immunology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 11
Preface 17
Chapter 1 Introduction: Two Centuries of Progress in Transfusion Medicine 19
Blood Donation Worldwide 20
Changing Landscape of Transfusion Risks 21
Immunohaematology 22
Clinical Use of Blood Components: Evolution Based on Evidence 23
Urgent Transfusion 25
Patients Requiring Chronic Transfusion Support 25
Obstetric, Neonatal and Paediatric Transfusion Medicine 25
Haemostasis and Transfusion 26
Cellular Therapies, Transplantation, Apheresis 26
The Future 26
Conclusion 27
References 27
Part I Basic Principles of Immunohaematology 29
Chapter 2 Essential Immunology for Transfusion Medicine 29
Cellular Basis of the Immune Response 29
B-Cell Activation and T-Cell-Dependent Antibody Formation 31
Humoral Immune Response 31
Antibody Effector Functions 33
Red Blood Cell Antibodies Illustrating the Above Principles 33
Antibody and Complement-Mediated Blood Cell Destruction 34
Clinical Aspects Related to Alloimmunisation Against Blood Cell Antigens 35
References 36
Further Reading 37
Chapter 3 Human Blood Group Systems 38
Introduction 38
The ABO System 38
The Rh System 41
Other Blood Group Systems 43
Biological Significance of Blood Group Antigens 44
References 45
Further Reading 46
Chapter 4 Human Leucocyte Antigens 47
Introduction 47
HLA Class I Genes 47
HLA Class II Genes 49
Genetic Organisation and Expression of HLA Class II Genes 49
Expression of HLA Molecules 50
Genetics 50
Function of HLA Molecules 51
Identification of HLA Gene Polymorphism 51
Formation of HLA Antibodies 53
Detection of HLA Antibodies 54
Clinical Relevance of HLA Antigens and Antibodies 55
HLA and Disease 57
References 59
Further Reading 60
Chapter 5 Platelet and Neutrophil Antigens 61
Antigens on Platelets and Granulocytes 61
Human Platelet Antigens 61
Human Neutrophil Antigens 70
References 74
Further Reading 75
Chapter 6 Pretransfusion Testing and the Selection of Red Cell Products for Transfusion 76
Introduction 76
Determining the Recipient’s ABO Group and Screening for Unexpected Antibodies 76
Crossmatching Techniques 81
Selection of Red Cells for Transfusion 82
Selection of Platelets and Plasma Components 83
References 85
Further Reading 86
Part II Complications of Transfusions 87
Chapter 7 Investigation of Acute Transfusion Reactions 87
Introduction 87
Understanding the Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis 87
General Approach for Investigation and Treatment of Acute Transfusion Reactions 94
Algorithm 95
References 97
Further Reading 97
Chapter 8 Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions 99
Definition of a Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction 99
Pathophysiology of HTRs 100
Acute HTRs 103
Delayed HTRs 109
Acute Haemolysis from ABO?Incompatible Platelet Transfusions 112
References 113
Further Reading 114
Chapter 9 Febrile and Allergic Transfusion Reactions 115
Introduction 115
Febrile Non-haemolytic Transfusion Reactions 115
Allergic Transfusion Reactions 119
References 124
Chapter 10 Lung Injury and Pulmonary Oedema After Transfusion 126
Definition 126
Incidence, Outcomes and Recipient Risk Factors 126
Clinical Manifestations 127
Differential Diagnosis 127
Pathogenesis 130
Lung Histology 131
Types of Blood Components That Can Cause TRALI 131
Mitigation Strategies 132
Patient Management 132
References 133
Further Reading 135
Chapter 11 Purported Adverse Effects of ‘Old Blood’ 136
Introduction 136
In Vitro Changes During Red Cell Storage 136
Studies on Clinical Effects of ‘Old’ Red Cells 137
Conclusion 141
References 141
Further Reading 142
Chapter 12 Transfusion-Induced Immunomodulation 143
Introduction 143
Mitigation of Immunomodulation After Red Cell Transfusion 144
Leucocyte-Reduced Allogeneic Red Cell Transfusions Reduce Mortality In Cardiac Surgery 146
Observational and Cohort Studies of Transfusion Immunomodulation Link Red Cell Transfusions to Both Beneficial and Adverse Outcomes 146
Duration of Red Cell Storage and Immunomodulation 148
Experimental Studies and Transfusion Immunomodulation 148
Conclusion 150
References 151
Further Reading 152
Chapter 13 Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Microchimerism 154
Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease 154
Transfusion-Associated Microchimerism 162
References 163
Further Reading 164
Chapter 14 Posttransfusion Purpura' 165
Introduction 165
Definition 165
Incidence 165
Clinical Features 166
Differential Diagnosis 166
Laboratory Investigations 166
Pathophysiology 167
Management 167
Prevention of Recurrence of PTP 169
References 169
Further Reading 170
Chapter 15 Transfusion-Transmitted Infections 171
Introduction 171
Transmission of Infections by Blood Transfusion 171
Transfusion-Transmitted Infections: Detection and Management 172
Interventions to Minimise the Impact of Transfusion-Transmitted Infection 174
Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Agents 175
References 183
Further Reading 185
Chapter 16 Bacterial Contamination 186
Incidence of Bacterial Contamination 186
Blood Components Implicated in Adverse Transfusion Reactions 186
Contaminant Bacterial Species 187
Sources of Contamination 188
Investigation of Transfusion Reactions 188
Prevention Strategies 188
References 191
Further Reading 193
Chapter 17 Emerging Infections and Transfusion Safety 194
Introduction 194
Emerging Infections 194
Approaches to the Management of Transfusion-Transmissible Emerging Infections 195
Assessing the Risk and Threat of Transfusion Transmissibility 195
Recognition of Transfusion Transmission of Emerging Infections 198
Interventions 199
References 200
Further Reading 201
Part III Practice in Blood Centres and Hospitals 202
Chapter 18 Regulatory Aspects of Blood Transfusion 202
Introduction 202
The Components of Blood Regulation 202
The Regulatory Bodies (Table 18.1) 204
The Role of Blood Transfusion Agencies and Health Professionals Vis?À?Vis Regulatory Agencies 209
References 210
Further Reading 210
Chapter 19 The Role of Haemovigilance in Transfusion Safety 211
Introduction 211
Origin and Structures 211
Definitions and Terminology in Haemovigilance Systems 212
Adverse Event Detection and Reporting 212
Haemovigilance System Limitations 214
Breadth of the System 215
Analysis of Incident Reports 215
Reporting Requirements Structure 216
Data Management 216
Learning from Experience 217
Future Directions 218
Intangible Benefits 218
References 218
Further Reading 220
Chapter 20 Donors and Blood Collection 221
Blood Donors: Paid, Directed, Payback and Altruistic 221
Risks to the Blood Donor 222
Iron Deficiency in Blood Donors 226
Blood Collection/Donation Process 230
Obligations to Donors 231
References 232
Further Reading 232
Chapter 21 Blood Donation Testing and the Safety of the Blood Supply 233
Introduction 233
Red Cell Serological Testing 233
Microbiological Testing of Blood Donations and Donor Follow?Up 235
Quality Framework and Operational Issues 238
References 238
Further Reading 239
Chapter 22 Production and Storage of Blood Components 240
Whole Blood and Its Processing to Components 240
Collection of Components by Apheresis 240
Regulations, Specifications and Quality Monitoring 241
Red Blood Cell Production and Storage (Table 22.1) 241
Platelet Production and Storage (Table 22.2) 244
Plasma Production and Storage (Table 22.3) 245
Cryoprecipitate Production and Storage (see Table 22.3) 246
Granulocyte Production and Storage 247
Component Modifications 248
References 249
Further Reading 250
Chpater 23 Blood Transfusion in Hospitals 251
Introduction 251
Key Features of Hospital Transfusion Governance 253
Hospital Transfusion Committees 254
Working Together to Improve the Transfusion Process 254
Informed consent 256
Administration of Blood and Blood Components and Management of the Transfused Patient 257
Technologies to Reduce Patient Misidentification Errors in Administering Blood 261
Influencing Clinical Practice 262
Guidelines, Algorithms and Protocols 263
Clinical Audit 264
Surveys 265
National Schemes 266
Public and Political Perceptions and Fear of Litigation 266
Local Investigation and Feedback Following ‘Near Misses’ and Serious Adverse Events 267
Education and Continuing Professional Development 267
Centralisation of Transfusion Services 268
Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS) 269
Acknowledgement 270
References 270
Further Reading 271
Guidelines and Other Resources 271
Chapter 24 Blood Transfusion in a Global Context 272
Introduction 272
Safety and Supply 272
Use of Blood Products 274
Systems 275
Improvements 276
Conclusion: The Future of Blood Transfusion in a Global Context 279
References 280
Further Reading 281
Part IV Clinical Transfusion Practice 282
Chapter 25 Inherited and Acquired Coagulation Disorders 282
Normal Haemostasis 282
Investigation of Abnormal Haemostasis 284
Inherited Haemostatic Defects 284
Acquired Haemostatic Defects 289
Acknowledgement 294
References 294
Further Reading 295
Chapter 26 Massive Blood Loss 297
Definition and Burden of Massive Blood Loss 297
Haemorrhage-Related Mortality Following Injury 298
Coagulopathy after Injury 299
The Limits of Resuscitation with Conventional Blood Products 300
Efficacy of Damage Control Resuscitation 301
Can the Lessons of Damage Control Resuscitation for Trauma be Extended to Other Massive Haemorrhage Situations? 302
Massive Transfusion in Small Children 302
Conclusion 302
References 303
Further Reading 304
Chapter 27 Blood Management in Acute Haemorrhage and Critical Care 305
Introduction 305
Red Cell Transfusion 305
Treatment Adjuncts That Reduce Transfusion (see also Chapter 34) 307
Coagulopathy 311
Massive Blood Transfusion 316
Conclusion 316
References 317
Further Reading 319
Chapter 28 Point-of-Care Testing in Transfusion Medicine 320
Introduction 320
Limitations of Conventional Coagulation Testing 320
Point-of-Care Testing Options 321
Point-of-Care Testing in Transfusion Algorithms 325
References 327
Further Reading 329
Chapter 29 Haematological Disease 330
Introduction 330
Red Cell Transfusions 330
Platelet Transfusions 334
Granulocyte Transfusions 336
Approach to Complications Associated with Blood Transfusion in Haematology Patients 337
Iron Overload 345
References 345
Further Reading 346
Chapter 30 Blood Transfusion in the Management of Patients with Haemoglobinopathies 348
Introduction 348
?-Thalassaemia syndromes 348
?-Thalassaemia Syndromes 349
Sickle Cell Disease 351
Complications of Transfusions in Haemoglobinopathies 354
Iron Chelation 355
Acknowledgement 356
References 357
Further Reading 358
Chapter 31 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia 359
Introduction 359
Pathogenesis 359
Epidemiology 361
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A ‘Clinicopathological’ Syndrome 362
Laboratory Testing 365
Treatment 369
References 372
Further Reading 373
Chapter 32 Immunodeficiency and Immunoglobulin Therapy 375
Introduction 375
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders 375
Immunoglobulin Therapy 381
References 387
Further Reading 388
Chapter 33 Transfusing Neonates and Infants 389
Introduction 389
Red Cell Transfusions for the Anaemia of Prematurity 390
Platelet Transfusions for the Thrombocytopenia of Prematurity 396
References 399
Further Reading 400
Part V Patient Blood Management 401
Chapter 34 Development of a Patient Blood Management Programme 401
Introduction 401
Step 1: Leverage Computerised Physician Order Entry (CPOE) Systems to Guide Evidence-Based Transfusions [1] 401
Step 2: Reduce All Forms of Waste Related to Blood Transfusion Practices 403
Step 3: Promote Alternative Blood Transfusion Methods and Systems 405
Step 4: Promote Anaemia Management Strategies 405
Step 5: Limit Iatrogenic Blood Loss 406
Step 6: Provide Blood Management Education, Awareness and Auditing for Clinicians 406
Cost of Blood 406
References 409
Further Reading 410
Chapter 35 Perioperative Patient Blood Management 411
Introduction 411
Anaemia and Major Surgery 411
Just Give Blood? 413
Patient Blood Management in Surgical Practice 413
Intraoperative Management 416
Major Haemorrhage 417
Post-operative Patient Blood Management 417
Conclusion 419
References 420
Further Reading 421
Chapter 36 Restrictive Transfusion Practice and How to Implement It 423
Introduction 423
Level 1 Evidence Supports Restrictive Red Cell Transfusion Practices 424
Strategies for Improving Blood Utilisation 427
Clinical Decision Support 427
Improving Blood Utilisation: The Stanford Experience 428
Future Directions 431
Conclusion 431
References 432
Further Reading 433
Chapter 37 Using Data to Support Patient Blood Management 434
Introduction 434
Transfusion Triggers and Targets 434
Blood Utilisation Metrics 437
Sources of Data 437
Data Extraction, Analysis and Presentation to Improve Practice 439
Clinical Outcome Data 439
Risk Adjustment 442
Crossmatch-to-Transfusion Ratio 442
Preoperative Anaemia Screening and Management 443
Conclusion 444
References 444
Further Reading 445
Part VI Cellular and Tissue Therapy and Organ Transplantation 447
Chapter 38 Regulation and Accreditation in Cellular Therapy 447
Introduction 447
Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Activity 447
The Structure of SCT Programmes 448
European Union Directives and Legislation 448
The Human Tissue (HT) Act 2004 451
United States Food and Drug Administration 451
Non-governmental (Voluntary) Accreditation 453
Conclusion: How Do HSCT Programmes Respond to the Challenge? 457
References 458
Further Reading 459
Chapter 39 Stem Cell Collection and Therapeutic Apheresis 460
Introduction 460
Cell Separators 460
Patient Assessment and Treatment Planning 461
Haematopoietic Progenitor Cell Mobilisation 461
Peripheral Blood HPC Collection (Leucocytapheresis) 464
Plasma Exchange 465
Red Cell Exchange 468
Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy (Photopheresis) 469
Complications of Therapeutic Apheresis 469
References 470
Further Reading 472
Chapter 40 Haemopoietic Stem Cell Processing and Storage 473
Introduction 473
Transplant Procedures 473
Haemopoietic Progenitor Cell Products 475
Haemopoietic Progenitor Cell Product Assessment and Specialised Procedures 476
Storage of Haemopoietic Progenitor Cell Products 478
Cryopreservation 478
Thawing of Cryopreserved Haemopoietic Progenitor Cells 480
Quality Assurance 481
References 481
Further Reading 483
Chapter 41 Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 484
Introduction 484
Principles of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants 484
Indications for haematopoietic stem cell transplants 485
Source of Stem Cells 485
Donor Care and Selection 486
Collecting Haematopoietic Stem Cells 486
Complications of Transplantation 488
Bone Marrow Transplant Outcome 490
Post-Bone Marrow Transplant Chimerism and Molecular Monitoring 491
Cytotoxic T-Cell Therapy 491
Regulatory Aspects of Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 491
Conclusion 491
References 492
Further Reading 493
Chapter 42 Cord Blood Transplantation 495
Introduction 495
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking 496
Clinical Outcomes of Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation 498
Advantages and Disadvantages of Umbilical Cord Blood 502
Future Developments 502
Conclusion 504
References 505
Further Reading 506
Chapter 43 Recent Advances in Clinical Cellular Immunotherapy 508
Introduction 508
Cellular Immunotherapy in Haemopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation 508
Nonspecific T-Cell Immunotherapy 509
Tumour-Specific or Tumour-Restricted T-Cell Immunotherapy 509
Gene-Modified T-Cells for Immunotherapy 510
Tumour-Restricted Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy 512
Passive Cellular Immunotherapy of Infectious Disease 514
Technical Advances Facilitating Translational Research in Cellular Immunotherapy 515
References 516
Further Reading 517
Chapter 44 Tissue Banking 518
Introduction 518
Regulation 518
Consent 518
Donor Selection and Testing 519
Tissue Procurement 520
Tissue Processing 521
Supply and Traceability of Tissues 521
Clinical Applications 522
Serious Adverse Events and Reactions 522
Advances in Tissue Processing and Regenerative Medicine 522
Conclusion 523
References 524
Further Reading 524
Part VII Development of the Evidence Base for Transfusion 526
Chapter 45 Observational and Interventional Trialsin Transfusion Medicine 526
Introduction 526
Types of Clinical Studies 526
Observational Studies 527
Randomised Controlled Trials 529
Conclusion 535
Acknowledgements 535
References 536
Further Reading 537
Chapter 46 Getting the Most Out of the Evidence for Transfusion Medicine 538
What is Meant by Evidence-Based Medicine? 538
Hierarchies of Clinical Evidence 538
Appraisal of Primary Research Evidence for Its Validity and Usefulness 539
Reviews: Narrative and Systematic 540
Comparative Effectiveness Research 544
Evidence Base for Transfusion Medicine 545
Are There Limitations to Evidence-Based Practice? 547
Conclusion 547
References 548
Further Reading 550
Chapter 47 A Primer on Biostatistics 551
Incidence and Prevalence 551
Statistics in Diagnostic Testing 551
Descriptive Statistics 554
Differentiating Types of Data and Statistical Tests to be Used 554
Determining Statistical Significance 560
Trial Hypotheses and Common Pitfalls of Interpretation 560
Meta-analyses and Forest Plots 562
Conclusion 564
References 564
Further Reading 566
Chapter 48 A Primer on Health Economics 567
Introduction 567
How Economists Think about Transfusions 567
Economic Evaluation in Transfusion Medicine 568
Conclusion 574
References 575
Further Reading 576
Chapter 49 Scanning the Future of Transfusion Medicine 578
Introduction 578
Blood Donor and Blood Supply Issues 578
Hospital Transfusion Service and Patient Care Perspectives 582
Cellular Therapy – A View to the Future 585
Afterthoughts 588
References 588
Index 590
Supplemental Images 610
EULA 634

Rezensionen

"This is a great book if you want a truly practical and up-to-date guide to transfusion medicine. This is great for transfusion medicine practitioners to quickly get up to speed on what is happening in the field and/or use as a thorough and concise review for periodic competency or proficiency exams" Valerie L. Ng, PhD MD, Alameda County Medical Center/Highland Hospital on behalf of Doody's

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.3.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Hämatologie
• Schlagworte: acute lung injury • acute transfusion reactions • anaemia management • blood centres • Blood Collection • blood components • blood donors • Blood supply • Blood Transfusion • Bluttransfusion • Bluttransfusionen • coagulation • Cord blood • David J. Roberts • essential immunology • febrile and allergic transfusion reactions • Graft-versus-Host Disease • haemoglobinopathies • haemolytic transfusion reactions • haemorrhage • haemovigilance • Hämatologie • Hematology • Hemostasis • heparin-induced thrombocytopenia • human blood group • human leucocyte antigens • Immunodeficiency • immunoglobulin therapy • Immunomodulation • Mark H. Yazer • massive blood loss • Medical Science • Medizin • Michael F. Murphy • microchimerism • neutrophil • Patient Blood Management • platelet • posttransfusion purpura • pretransfusion • Red Cell • stem cell collection • stem cell transplantation • Therapeutic apheresis • tissue banking • Transfusion Medicine • transfusion practice • Transfusion Safety • transfusion-transmitted infections
• ISBN-10: 1-119-12944-3 / 1119129443
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-12944-8 / 9781119129448