Infectious Diseases (eBook)

A Geographic Guide

Eskild Petersen, Lin Hwei Chen, Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781119085737 (ISBN)

Infos

The second edition of this concise and practical guide describes infections in geographical areas and provides information on disease risk, concomitant infections (such as co-prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis) and emerging bacterial, viral and parasitic infections in a given geographical area of the world.

• Geographic approach means that it's the only book to guide the health care worker towards a diagnosis based on the location of symptoms and travel history by encouraging the question “where have you been?”
• New content covering MERS, Ebola, Zika, and infections transmitted during air and maritime travel
• Covers the major infectious disease outbreaks framed in their geographic setting such as  H7N9 “bird flu” influenza, H1N1, Ebola, and Zika
• Outstanding international editor team with vast experience on various international infectious disease and as journal editors and key leaders in infection surveillance

Eskild Petersen MD, DMSc, DTM&H, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark, and Senior Consultant, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Lin H. Chen MD, FACP, FASTMH, Director of the Travel Medicine Center at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor PhD, FFTM, RCPSS (Glasg), FISTM, Senior Scientist and Professor, University of Zürich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zürich, Switzerland

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of contributors 10
Foreword to the first edition 17
Foreword to the second edition 19
Preface 21
Envoi 23
Chapter 1 Historical overview of global infectious diseases and geopolitics 25
Introduction 25
The Near East and North Africa 26
Europe 27
The Americas 28
Australasia 30
Sub-Saharan Africa 31
South Asia 32
East Asia 32
Conclusion 34
Acknowledgment 34
References 34
Chapter 2 Nontraditional infectious diseases surveillance systems 36
Introduction: informal internet sources for the surveillance of emerging infectious diseases 37
A convergence of trends 37
ProMED-mail today 38
HealthMap 38
Infectious disease surveillance in travelers and migrants 39
GeoSentinel surveillance network 40
One health 44
Regional ProMED networks 44
Effectiveness of informal?source surveillance 45
Mobile technologies 45
Mobile applications for infectious diseases 45
Conclusion 46
References 46
Chapter 3 Air travel???which infectious disease control measures are worthwhile? 49
Introduction 49
Measles 50
Rubella 50
Enteric diseases 51
Travel-specific behaviors for preventing disease 51
Universal disease control behaviors 51
Role of healthcare providers and healthcare workers 52
Health facility infection control measures 52
Airline responsibilities 52
Large-scale infectious disease control measures 53
Evaluation of the effectiveness of infectious disease control measures 53
Recommendations 56
References 57
Chapter 4 Infectious illnesses on cruise and cargo ships 59
Introduction and background 59
Influenza 60
Acute gastroenteritis 61
Vaccine-preventable diseases 62
Varicella (chickenpox) 62
Measles and rubella 63
Meningococcal disease 63
Legionnaires’ disease 64
Vectorborne diseases 64
Ciguatera 65
References 65
Chapter 5 Microbes on the move: prevention, required vaccinations, curtailment, outbreak 69
Prevention of disease in travellers 70
Protection of travelers and destination populations 70
Yellow fever 71
Imported disease 72
Curtailment of disease 72
New times, new requirements 72
Expanded scope 72
Decision instrument and notification 74
Focal and contact points 75
National core surveillance and response capacities 75
Response to outbreaks 75
Conclusion 77
References 77
Chapter 6 Diagnostic tests and procedures 79
Understanding diagnostic tests 79
Is a result positive or not? 80
Validation of diagnostic tests 80
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 80
Biochemistry/cytology 81
Microbiology 81
Imaging 82
Ear, nose, and throat 82
Biochemistry/cytology 83
Rapid tests 83
Microbiology 83
Imaging 83
Pulmonary infections 83
Biochemistry/cytology 83
Microbiology and rapid tests 84
Imaging 84
Cardiac infections 85
Microbiology 85
Imaging 85
Gastrointestinal infections 85
Biochemistry/cytology 85
Microbiology 86
Imaging 87
Hepatobiliary infections 87
Biochemistry/cytology 87
Microbiology 88
Imaging 89
Upper and lower urinary tract infections 89
Biochemistry/cytology 89
Microbiology and rapid tests 89
Imaging 89
Sexually transmitted diseases and other genital infections 90
Biochemistry 90
Microbiology and rapid tests 90
Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections 91
Biochemistry/cytology 91
Microbiology 91
Imaging 91
Rash 91
Biochemistry 92
Microbiology 92
Imaging 93
Fever without focal symptoms 93
Initial tests on admission 93
Biochemistry/cytology 93
Microbiology 94
Imaging 94
Other 94
Continued testing 94
Zika virus infection 94
Detection of Zika virus RNA 94
Zika IgM-ELISA 95
Malaria 95
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 95
Biochemistry 95
Microbiology 95
Imaging 100
Diagnostics in areas with limited resources 100
Basic diagnostics of pulmonary infections 100
Basic diagnostics of gastrointestinal symptoms 100
Basic diagnostics of sexually transmitted infections 100
Basic diagnostics of patients with adenopathy 100
References 100
Chapter 7 Central Africa 102
Dominating the picture: HIV and tuberculosis 103
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 103
Acute CNS infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 103
Chronic CNS infections with more than four weeks of symptoms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients 104
Ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract infections 104
Acute and chronic infections 104
Ear, nose, and throat infections in immunocompromised host 105
Cardiopulmonary infections 105
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 105
Chronic infections with more than four weeks of symptoms 106
Infections in the immunocompromised host 106
Gastrointestinal infections 107
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 107
Chronic gastrointestinal infections with more than four weeks of symptoms 107
Diarrhea in the immunocompromised host 107
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum 107
Acute infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 107
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 108
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum in immunocompromised host 109
Genitourinary infections 109
Acute genitourinary infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 109
Chronic genitourinary infections with more than four weeks of symptoms 109
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis infections in the immunocompromised host 109
Sexually transmitted diseases in the immunocompromised host 110
Infections of joints, muscle, and soft tissue 110
Acute infections of bone, joints, and muscle with less than four weeks of symptoms 110
Chronic infections of bone, joints, and muscle with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 110
Infections of skin and soft tissues 111
Skin infections 111
Soft tissue infections 111
Skin infections in immunocompromised host 111
Lymphadenopathy 112
Acute lymphadenopathy with less than four weeks of symptoms 112
Chronic lymphadenopathy 112
Fever without focal symptoms 112
Acute fever with less than four weeks of symptoms 112
Chronic fever with more than four weeks of symptoms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients 113
Eosinophilia 113
Children 113
Antibiotic resistance 113
Demographic data 114
Basic economic and demographic data 114
Distribution of causes of death in 0–4 year olds, 2013 (in %) in selected countries 114
References 115
Chapter 8 East Africa: Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands 117
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 118
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 118
Infection with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 118
Ear, nose, and throat infections 118
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks symptoms 118
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 119
Cardiopulmonary infections 119
Pneumonia with less than four weeks symptoms 119
Endocarditis with less than four weeks symptoms 119
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 119
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 120
Gastrointestinal infections 120
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks symptoms 120
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 120
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum 121
Acute infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 121
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 121
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum in immunocompromised host 121
Genitourinary infections 121
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks symptom 121
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks symptoms 122
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 122
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 122
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 122
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks symptoms 122
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 123
Skin infections 123
Skin infections with less than four weeks symptoms 123
Skin infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 123
Adenopathy 123
Adenopathy of less than 4 weeks duration 123
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 123
Fever without focal symptoms 124
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 124
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 124
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 124
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 124
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 125
Antibiotic resistance 125
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 125
Basic economic and demographic data 125
References 126
Chapter 9 Eastern Africa 128
Parasites 128
Malaria transmission in Eastern Africa 129
Virus 129
Bacteria 129
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 130
Acute CNS infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 130
CNS infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 130
Ear, nose, and throat infections 130
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks symptoms 130
Ear, nose, and throat infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 131
Cardiopulmonary infections 131
Pulmonary infections with less than four weeks symptoms 131
Endocarditis with less than four weeks symptoms 132
Myocarditis with less than four weeks symptoms 132
Pulmonary infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 133
Endocarditis with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 133
Myocarditis with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 133
Gastrointestinal infections 134
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks symptoms 134
Gastrointestinal infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 134
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum 135
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 135
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 135
Genitourinary infections 136
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks symptoms 136
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks symptoms 136
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 136
Sexually transmitted infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 137
Joint and muscle infections 137
Joint and muscle infections with less than four weeks symptoms 137
Joint and muscle infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 138
Skin infections 138
Skin infections with less than four weeks symptoms 138
Skin infections with more than four weeks symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 138
Adenopathy 139
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 139
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 140
Fever without focal symptoms 140
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 140
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 142
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 142
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 142
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 143
Antibiotic resistance 143
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 144
Immunization coverage among one year olds in the Eastern African region 144
Basic economic and demographic data 145
Cause of death in children under five expressed as % of the total number of deaths 146
Top ten causes of deaths all ages expressed as % of the total number of deaths 146
References 147
Chapter 10 North Africa 148
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 149
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 149
Infection with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 149
Ear, nose, and throat infections 149
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 149
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 150
Cardiopulmonary infections 150
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 150
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms [13,14] 150
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 150
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 151
Gastrointestinal infections 151
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 151
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 151
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 152
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 152
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum in the immunocompromised host 152
Genitourinary infections 153
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 153
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 153
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 153
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 153
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 154
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 154
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 154
Skin infections 154
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 154
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 154
Adenopathy 155
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 155
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 155
Fever without focal symptoms 155
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 155
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 156
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 156
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE less than four weeks 156
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 156
Basic diagnostics in patients with eosinophilia and elevated IgE 156
Antibiotic resistance 157
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 157
Basic economic and demographic data 157
Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average 157
Most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries selected for a low (Sudan), middle (Morocco), and high (Libya) regional GNI per capita 158
References 158
Chapter 11 Southern Africa 161
Acute infections within four weeks of exposure 162
Fever and rash 163
Fever and jaundice 164
Relapsing fever 164
Diarrhea and fever 164
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 164
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 164
Meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 165
Basic diagnostics of CNS infections 165
Ear, nose, and throat infections 165
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 165
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 166
Cardiopulmonary infections 166
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 166
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 167
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 167
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 167
Basic diagnostics of pulmonary infections 167
Basic diagnostics of endocarditis 168
Gastrointestinal infections 168
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms (a) 168
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 168
Basic diagnostics of gastrointestinal symptoms 169
Genitourinary infections 169
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks symptoms 169
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks symptoms 169
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 169
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 170
Basic diagnostics of sexually transmitted infections 170
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 170
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 170
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 170
Skin infections 170
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 170
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 171
Adenopathy 171
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 171
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 172
Basic diagnostics of patients with adenopathy 172
Fever without focal symptoms 172
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 172
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 172
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 173
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 173
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 173
Antibiotic resistance 173
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 173
Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae 173
Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria 174
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 174
Basic economic and demographic data 175
Cause of death in children under five expressed as % of the total number of deaths 175
Top ten causes of deaths all ages in 2002, expressed as % of the total 176
References 176
Chapter 12 West Africa 178
Viral hemorrhagic fever 178
Malaria 179
Pregnancy-associated malaria 179
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 179
Acute CNS infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 179
Chronic CNS infections with more than four weeks of symptoms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients 180
Ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract infections 181
Acute and chronic infections 181
Ear, nose, and throat infections in the immunocompromised host 181
Cardiopulmonary infections 181
Pulmonary infection with less than four weeks of symptoms 181
Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 182
Pneumonia with more than four weeks of symptoms 182
Endocarditis and pericarditis with more than four weeks of symptoms 182
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host 182
Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis in the immunocompromised host 182
Gastrointestinal infections 183
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 183
Chronic gastrointestinal infections with more than four weeks of symptoms 183
Diarrhea in the immunocompromised host 183
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum 183
Acute infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 183
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 184
Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum in the immunocompromised host 185
Genitourinary infections 185
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 185
Acute and chronic sexually transmitted diseases with less than four weeks of symptoms 185
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with more than four weeks of symptoms 185
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis infections in the immunocompromised host 185
Sexually transmitted diseases in the immunocompromised host 185
Infections of bone, joints, and muscles 186
Acute infections of bone, joints, and muscles with less than four weeks of symptoms 186
Chronic infections of bone, joints, and muscles more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 186
Infections of skin and soft tissues 186
Skin infections 186
Soft tissue infections 187
Skin infections in the immunocompromised host 187
Lymphadenopathy 187
Acute lymphadenopathy with less than four weeks of symptoms 187
Chronic lymphadenopathy 188
Fever without focal symptoms 188
Acute fever with less than four weeks of symptoms 188
Chronic fever more than four weeks of symptoms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients 188
Eosinophilia 189
Antibiotic resistance 189
Children 189
References 190
Chapter 13 East Asia 191
Acute infections within four weeks of exposure 191
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 193
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 193
CNS infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 193
Ear, nose, and throat infections 194
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 194
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 194
Cardiopulmonary infections 194
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 194
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 195
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 196
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 196
Gastrointestinal infections 196
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 196
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 197
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 198
Acute infections of liver and biliary tract with less than four weeks of symptoms 198
Chronic infections of the liver and biliary tract 198
Infections of liver and biliary tract in the immunocompromised host 198
Genitourinary infections 198
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 198
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 199
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 199
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 199
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 200
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 200
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 200
Skin infections 200
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 200
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 201
Adenopathy 201
Adenopathy of less than four weeks 201
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 202
Fever without focal symptoms 202
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 202
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 202
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 203
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 203
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 203
Antibiotic resistance 203
Resistance in penumococci 203
Salmonella 204
Enterobacteriaceae and E.coli 204
Resistance in TB 204
Malaria 204
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 204
Influenza 205
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 205
Basic economic and demographic data 205
Causes of death in children under five. Regional average 206
Most common causes of deaths in all ages in Mongolia, China, and Japan 206
References 207
Chapter 14 South Central Asia 209
Important regional infections within four weeks of exposure 209
Diarrhea 209
Respiratory illness 210
Fever without rash 210
Fever with rash (or typhus-like illness) 210
Zika virus 210
Hepatitis 210
CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis 211
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 211
Meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 211
Ear, nose, and throat infections 212
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 212
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 212
Cardiopulmonary infections 212
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 212
Endocarditis/myocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 213
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 213
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 213
Gastrointestinal infections 214
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 214
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 214
Genitourinary infections 215
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 215
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 215
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 215
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host [62] 215
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 216
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 216
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 216
Skin infections 216
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 216
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 217
Adenopathy 217
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 217
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 217
Fever without focal symptoms 218
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 218
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 218
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 219
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 219
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 219
Antibiotic resistance 219
Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli 219
Enteric fever: Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 220
Diarrheal pathogens, especially travelers’ diarrhea 220
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 220
Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin 220
Drug?resistant malaria 220
Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus 220
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 221
Basic economic and demographic data 221
Most common causes of deaths in all ages in the countries of the region (%) 222
References 223
Chapter 15 South-east Asia 227
Important regional infections within four weeks of exposure 227
Malaria 227
Typhus-like illness 228
CNS infections 229
Hepatitis 229
Parasitic disease 229
Influenza (H1N1) and avian influenza (H5N1) 230
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and encephalopathy 230
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 230
CNS infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 231
Ear, nose, and throat infections 231
Infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 231
Infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 231
Cardiopulmonary infections 232
Cardiopulmonary infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 232
Pulmonary symptoms and/or endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 232
Gastrointestinal infections 233
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 233
Gastrointestinal infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 233
Genitourinary infections 234
Genitourinary infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 234
Genitourinary infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 235
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 235
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 235
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 235
Skin infections 236
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 236
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 236
Adenopathy 237
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 237
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 237
Fever without focal symptoms 238
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 238
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 238
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 238
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 238
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the imunocompromised host 239
Antibiotic resistance 239
Malaria 239
Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis 239
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. 240
Drug-resistant S. pneumoniae 240
Rickettsial disease 240
Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriacae 240
Gonorrhea 240
HIV/AIDS and immunocompromised people 241
Influenza 241
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 241
Basic economic and demographic data 241
Causes of death in children underfive in SEA. Regional average 242
Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries of SEA 242
References 243
Chapter 16 Western Asia and the Middle East 244
Vector-borne diseases 244
Hemorrhagic fever virus 245
Soil- and water-associated diseases 245
Zoonotic infections 245
Hajj – medical aspects 246
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 247
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 247
Infection with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 247
Ear, nose, and throat infections 247
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 247
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 248
Cardiopulmonary infections 248
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 248
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms [13,14] 248
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 248
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 249
Gastrointestinal infections 249
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 249
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 249
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 250
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 250
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 250
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum in immunocompromised host 250
Genitourinary infections 251
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 251
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 251
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 251
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 251
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 252
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 252
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 252
Skin infections 252
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 252
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 252
Adenopathy 253
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 253
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 253
Fever without focal symptoms 253
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 253
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 254
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 254
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 254
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 254
Basic diagnostics in patients with eosinophilia and elevated IgE 254
Antibiotic resistance 255
Basic economic and demographic data 255
Causes of death in children under five in Yemen, Armenia, and Saudi Arabia 256
Top ten causes of deaths all ages in Yemen, Armenia, and Saudi Arabia 256
References 256
Chapter 17 Eastern Europe 259
Bacterial infections 259
Virus infections 260
Parasite infections (protozoans and helminths) 261
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 262
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 262
Infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 262
Ear, nose, and throat infections 263
Ear, nose, and throat infections with symptoms for less than four weeks 263
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 263
Cardiopulmonary infections 264
Pneumonia with symptoms for less than four weeks 264
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 264
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 265
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 265
Gastrointestinal infections 266
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for less than four weeks 266
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 266
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with symptoms for less than four weeks 267
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 267
Alveolar echinococcosis 267
Genitourinary infections 268
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 268
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 268
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 268
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 269
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 269
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with symptoms for less than four weeks 269
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 269
Skin infections 270
Skin infections with symptoms for less than four weeks 270
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 270
Adenopathy 271
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 271
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 271
Fever without focal symptoms 272
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 272
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 273
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 273
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 273
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 274
Antibiotic resistance 274
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 275
Basic economic and demographic data 276
Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average 277
Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in Moldova, Russian Federation, and Czech Republic 277
References 277
Chapter 18 Northern Europe 281
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 282
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 282
Meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 282
Ear, nose, and throat infections 282
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 282
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 283
Cardiopulmonary infections 283
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 283
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 283
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 284
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 284
Gastrointestinal infections 284
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 284
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 285
Hepatobiliary infections 285
Hepatitis with less than four weeks of symptoms 285
Hepatitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 285
Genitourinary infections 286
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 286
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 286
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 286
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 286
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 287
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 287
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 287
Skin infections 287
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 287
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 287
Basic diagnostics of skin infections 288
Adenopathy 288
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 288
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 288
Fever without focal symptoms 289
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 289
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 289
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 289
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 289
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 290
Antibiotic resistance 290
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 290
Basic economic and demographic data 291
Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average 291
Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries selected for a regional low (Latvia), middle (Iceland), and high (Norway) gross national income per capita 291
References 292
Chapter 19 Southern Europe 293
Infectious diseases with incubation periods shorter than four weeks 294
Malaria 294
Rickettsial infections 294
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers 294
Brucellosis 294
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 295
Tick-borne encephalitis 295
West Nile virus 295
Chikungunya virus 295
Diseases transmitted by sand flies 296
Rabies 296
Infectious travelers’ diarrhea 296
Infectious diseases with incubation periods longer than four weeks 297
Leishmaniasis 297
Tuberculosis 297
Antibiotic resistance 297
Vaccine-preventable diseases 298
References 299
Chapter 20 Western Europe 302
Introduction 303
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 303
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms [3] 303
Meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host [6] 305
Ear, nose, and throat infections 306
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 306
Ear, nose, and throat infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 306
Cardiopulmonary infections 307
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 307
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 308
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 308
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 308
Gastrointestinal infections 309
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 309
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 310
Infections of the liver 311
Infections of the liver with symptoms for less than four weeks 311
Infections of the liver with symptoms for more than four weeks 311
Genitourinary infections 312
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 312
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 312
Sexually transmitted infections 313
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 314
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 314
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 314
Skin infections 315
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 315
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 316
Adenopathy 316
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 316
Fever without focal symptoms 317
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 317
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 318
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 318
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 318
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 318
Antibiotic resistance 320
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 321
Basic economic and demographic data 322
Causes of death in children under?five. Regional average 322
Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in Western Europe 323
References 324
Chapter 21 The Caribbean 326
Important regional infections 326
HIV and HTLV-1 326
Dengue 327
Chikungunya 327
Zika 327
Leptospirosis 327
Fish toxins 327
Myiasis 328
A note about Haiti 328
CNS infections acquired in the Caribbean region 328
Acute CNS syndromes and infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 329
CNS syndromes and infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and more common in the immunocompromised host 329
Ear, nose, and throat infections 330
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms, shown by anatomical region 330
Cardiopulmonary infections 330
Causes of pneumonia acquired in the Caribbean region 331
Etiologies of endocarditis in the Caribbean region 331
Gastrointestinal infections 331
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 332
Gastrointestinal infections and syndromes with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 332
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 332
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms, shown by anatomical region 333
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 333
Genitourinary infections 334
Sexually transmitted infections 334
Musculoskeletal infections 334
Skin infections 334
Primary skin lesions with less than four weeks of symptoms 335
Primary skin lesions with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 335
Adenopathy 335
Infectious syndromes primarily characterized by adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 336
Infectious syndromes characterized primarily by adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 336
Fever without focal symptoms 336
Fever with nonspecific signs and symptoms 337
Causes of prolonged febrile illness without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 337
Eosinophilia 337
Microorganisms and syndromes that can cause eosinophilia and elevated IgE 337
Economic and demographic data for Caribbean countries 338
Caribbean region countries’ Gross National Income (GNI), life expectancy, and primary school enrollment 338
Causes of death among children aged less than five years in 2013, comparing the WHO region of the Americas with the global distribution 338
Common causes of death all ages in three countries selected for a low (Haiti), middle (Dominican Republic), and high (Bahamas) GNI per capita [25] 339
References 339
Chapter 22 Central America 341
Bacterial infections 341
Viral infections 342
Parasitic infections 342
Fungal infections 342
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and neurological syndromes 342
CNS infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 342
CNS infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 343
Ear, nose, and throat infections 344
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks exposure 344
Ear, nose, and throat infections for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 344
Cardiopulmonary infections 344
Cardiopulmonary infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 344
Pulmonary symptoms and endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 345
Gastrointestinal infections 346
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 346
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 346
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 347
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 347
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 347
Genitourinary infections 347
Genitourinary symptoms with less than four weeks duration 347
Genitourinary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 348
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 349
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 349
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 349
Skin infections 349
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 349
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 350
Adenopathy 350
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 350
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 351
Fever without focal symptoms 351
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 351
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 353
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 353
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 353
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 353
Antibiotic resistance 354
Malaria 354
Tuberculosis 354
Staphylococcus aureus 354
Gram?negative enteric bacteria 354
Vaccine-preventable infections in children 355
Basic economic and demographic data, 2015 [16–18] 355
Causes of deaths in children under five years (%) (data from 2010) [16–18] 356
Top 10 causes of deaths, all ages [16–18] 356
References 358
Chapter 23 South America 359
South America travel and travelers 360
Reported disease activity in the last 10 years (isolated cases, clusters, and epidemics), by country [10] [9] 361
Emerging issues in South America 363
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis 364
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 364
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 364
Ear, nose, and throat infections 365
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 365
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 365
Cardiopulmonary infections 366
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 366
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 366
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 367
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 367
Gastrointestinal infections 367
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 367
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 368
Genitourinary infections 368
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 368
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 368
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 368
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 369
Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections 369
Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 369
Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 370
Adenopathy 370
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 370
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 371
Fever without focal symptoms 371
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 371
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 372
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 372
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 372
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 372
Hemorrhagic and icterohemorrhagic fever 372
Selected endemic tropical infections in South America 373
Special considerations: malaria 376
Antibiotic resistance 376
Pneumococcus 376
Other gram-positive bacteria 376
Meningococcus 376
Salmonella 376
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 376
Basic economic and demographic data, 2014 – II 377
Causes of death in children under?five 377
All top ten causes of deaths all ages in three countries elected for a low (Guyana), middle (Bolivia) and high (Brazil) BNI per capita 378
References 378
Chapter 24 Northern America 380
Acute infections within four weeks of exposure 381
Diversity within the region: important regional infections with particular exposures 381
Notable tick-borne infections 381
Notable fungal respiratory infections 384
Infections in the Canadian Arctic and Alaska 384
Infections in southern Canada 386
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 386
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 386
CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 387
Ear, nose, and throat infections 387
Cardiopulmonary infections 387
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 387
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 388
Gastrointestinal infections 388
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 388
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 389
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 389
Genitourinary infections 390
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 390
Skin infections 390
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 391
Adenopathy 391
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 391
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 392
Fever with nonspecific complaints 392
Fever with nonspecific complaints 392
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 392
Antibiotic resistance 393
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 394
Basic economic and demographic data 394
Causes of death in children under five 394
Top 10 causes of deaths all ages 395
References 395
Chapter 25 Australia, New Zealand 399
Bacterial and mycobacterial infections 400
Viral infections 401
Parasite infections 402
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 402
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 402
CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 403
Ear, nose, and throat infections 403
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 403
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 404
Cardiopulmonary infections 404
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 404
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 404
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 404
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 405
Gastrointestinal infections 405
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 405
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 405
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 406
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 406
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 406
Genitourinary infections 406
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 406
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 407
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 407
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 407
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 407
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 407
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 407
Skin infections 408
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 408
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 408
Adenopathy 408
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 408
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 408
Fever without focal symptoms 409
Fever less than four weeks without focal symptoms 409
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 409
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 409
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 409
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 410
Basic diagnostics in patients with eosinophilia and elevated IgE 410
Antibiotic resistance 410
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 410
Basic economic and demographic data 411
Causes of death in children under five in Australia 412
Most common causes of deaths all ages in Australia 412
References 412
Chapter 26 Oceania 414
Bacterial and mycobacterial infections 415
Viral infections 415
Parasite infections 416
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 417
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 417
CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 417
Ear, nose, and throat infections 418
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 418
Ear, nose, and throat with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 418
Cardiopulmonary infections 418
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 418
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 418
Pulmonary symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 419
Endocarditis for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 419
Gastrointestinal infections 419
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 419
Gastrointestinal infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 420
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 420
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 420
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 421
Genitourinary infections 421
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 421
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 421
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 421
Sexually transmitted infections with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 422
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 422
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 422
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 422
Skin infections 422
Skin infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 422
Skin infections with more than four weeks of symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 423
Adenopathy 423
Adenopathy of less than four weeks duration 423
Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host 423
Fever without focal symptoms 423
Fever for less than four weeks without focal symptoms 423
Fever for more than four weeks without focal symptoms and in the immunocompromised host 424
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 424
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for less than four weeks 424
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 424
Antibiotic resistance 425
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 425
Basic economic and demographic data 425
Causes of death in children underfive in Papua New Guinea and Fiji 426
Most common causes of deaths all ages in Papua New Guinea and Fiji 426
References 426
Chapter 27 Arctic and Antarctica 428
The regions 429
Risk for travelers 429
Important infections in the Arctic [1] 430
Invasive disease and respiratory agents 430
Tuberculosis 430
Viral hepatitis 431
Sexually transmitted infections 431
HIV 431
Zoonotic and parasitic infections 431
Botulism 432
Bacterial and viral zoonoses 432
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms 432
Acute infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 433
CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis with symptoms for more than four weeks and in the immunocompromised host 433
Ear, nose, and throat infections 433
Ear, nose, and throat infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 433
Cardiopulmonary infections 434
Pneumonia with less than four weeks of symptoms 434
Endocarditis with less than four weeks of symptoms 434
Gastrointestinal infections 434
Gastrointestinal infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 434
Gastrointestinal infections with more than four weeks of symptoms 435
Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum 435
Acute infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with less than four weeks of symptoms 435
Chronic infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum with more than four weeks of symptoms 435
Genitourinary infections 436
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and nephritis with less than four weeks of symptoms 436
Sexually transmitted infections with less than four weeks of symptoms 436
Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections 436
Skin infections 436
Adenopathy 437
Adenopathy of less than four weeks’ duration 437
Fever without focal symptoms 437
Fever of unknown origin 437
Eosinophilia and elevated IgE 437
Helminthic infections 437
Antibiotic resistance 438
Vaccine-preventable diseases in children 438
Basic economic and demographic data. No separate figures for Antarctica 439
Most common causes of deaths all ages in Greenland, Canada, and Alaska 439
References 439
Chapter 28 The immunosuppressed patient 443
Introduction 443
Approach to the patient 443
Assess levels of cellular and humoral immunosuppression 444
Review antibiotic prophylaxis history and prior vaccination status 445
Review of epidemiology of region and exposure history 445
Clinical assessment and targeted testing based on clinical syndrome and assessed risks 445
Organ transplantation 445
HIV and risk of opportunistic infections 448
Geographic distribution of opportunistic infections 449
Bacteria 452
Tuberculosis (acute or reactivation disease pulmonary or extrapulmonary disease with increased risk of extrapulmonary and disseminated disease among immunocompromised patients)
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (acute or reactivation disease pulmonary or extrapulmonary disease with increased risk of extrapulmonary and disseminated disease among immunocompromised patients)
Bartonella (acute to subacute vasoproliferative lesions and other atypical presentations in immunocompromised patients)
Ehrlichiosis (acute to subacute fever with multisystem involvement possible, case reports of severe illness among immunosuppressed patients)
Rhodococcus equi (subacute, opportunistic infection granulomatous pneumonia, rare disseminated disease)
Key geographically localized bacterial infections 453
Fungi 455
Aspergillus and Zygomycetes (acute, subacute, opportunistic infection sinusitis, pulmonary or cutaneous disease with secondary dissemination described)
Cryptococcus (acute to subacute, opportunistic infection meningitis and meningoencephalitis, pulmonary disease, myositis, and disseminated disease)
Nocardia spp. (acute, subacute, chronic cutaneous, pulmonary, CNS, or disseminated disease in immunosuppressed patients)
Rhodotorula spp. (acute, opportunistic infection fungemia, meningitis, endophthalmitis, endocarditis, peritonitis)
Geographically localized fungal infections 456
Viral infections 457
Zika (asymptomatic to moderate febrile illness with rash, conjunctivitis, arthalgias occasional Guillain–Barré syndrome
Chikungunya (acute to subacute febrile illness with rash, myalgias/arthralgias)
Dengue (acute febrile illness with hemorrhagic complications)
Hepatitis 458
Herpes viruses 458
Influenza virus (acute upper and lower respiratory tract infection)
Measles virus (acute febrile illness with rash, upper respiratory tract symptoms, encephalitis in severe cases)
MERS virus (acute upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, respiratory failure and multiorgan failure in severe cases)
Polyoma viruses 459
Other viral infections 459
Geographically localized viral infections 459
Conclusion 459
Case study, adapted from Hart et al [204] 460
References 462
Chapter 29 Emerging infections 470
Introduction 470
Major global trends 472
Travel, trade and migration 473
SARS and MERS 475
SARS 475
MERS 476
Monkeypox 477
Chikungunya virus 477
Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) 478
Zika virus 478
Food-borne infections 479
Conclusions 480
References 480
Chapter 30 Migration and the geography of disease 483
Migration and infectious diseases 483
Vaccine-preventable diseases 484
Measles 484
Rubella 484
Hepatitis A 484
Hepatitis B 485
Human papillomavirus 485
Polio 485
Pertussis 485
Other infections 485
Tuberculosis 486
HIV infection 486
Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) 489
References 491
Chapter 31 Climate change and the geographical distribution of infectious diseases 494
Introduction 494
Mechanisms for climate-induced change in infectious disease incidence 495
Pathogen 495
Host 495
Vector 495
Other climate influences 495
Implications 496
The context: human actions and disease emergence 496
Human actions 496
Disease emergence 496
Human-induced climate change 497
A framework for understanding the relation of climate and disease 497
The present: climate–disease relations 499
Vector-borne diseases 499
Food- and water-borne infections 500
Respiratory infections 500
The future: projections for infectious disease incidence 501
Conclusion 502
References 502
List of abbreviations 505
Index 508
EULA 522

Rezensionen

"This is the second edition of the only book that currently approaches patients based on geography and type and duration of symptoms. It presents the information in an easy-to-read format and has many tables dividing the diseases into common, less common, and rare. This is a welcome update that covers several emerging diseases such as MERS and Zika viral infections and includes two new chapters describing infections acquired during sea and air travel" Winnie Ooi, MD, MPH, DMD, Harvard Medical School on belahlf of Doody's

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.2.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung
• Schlagworte: AIDS • Allg. Public Health • bird flu • Clinical Infectious Diseases • Ebola • Eskild Petersen • geographical region • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • H1N1 • H7N9 • Health & Social Care • HIV • infectious disease • Infektionskrankheit • Infektionskrankheiten • Influenza • Lin H. Chen • Medical Science • Medizin • Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor • Public Health General • Reise- u. Tropenmedizin • Travel • Travel Medicine • Travel / Tropical Medicine • Zika
• ISBN-13: 9781119085737 / 9781119085737