Ophthalmology (eBook)

Bruce James, Anthony Bron, Manoj V. Parulekar (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 12. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-09592-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards
Highly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes:

• Over 200 diagrams and photographs
• A  range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions
• Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapter

Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology.  

Bruce James, Consultant Ophthalmologist, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire, UK

Anthony Bron, Professor Emeritus, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Manoj V Parulekar, Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

Inhalt

Ophthalmology: Lecture Notes 1
Contents 7
Preface to Twelfth Edition 9
Preface to First Edition 11
Acknowledgements 13
Abbreviations 15
About the Companion Website 17
1: Anatomy 19
Introduction 19
Surface Anatomy of the Face 19
Sensory Innervation of the Face: the Fifth Cranial Nerve 19
Gross Anatomy of the Eye 21
The Orbit 22
The Eyelids (The Tarsus) 22
The Lacrimal Drainage System 23
Detailed Functional Anatomy 24
The Tear Film 24
The Cornea 24
The Sclera 26
The Choroid 26
The Retina 26
The Vitreous 27
The Ciliary Body 28
The Iris 29
The Iridocorneal (Drainage) Angle 29
The Lens 29
The Optic Nerve 30
The Ocular Blood Supply 32
The Third, Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerves 32
Central Origin 33
Peripheral Course 34
Assessment Questions True or False 34
Answers 35
2: History, Symptoms and Examination 37
Introduction 37
General Ophthalmic History 37
Specific Ophthalmic History 38
Red Eye 38
Sudden Visual Loss 41
Gradual Visual Loss 42
Ocular Pain 43
Diplopia 43
Examination 44
Physiological Testing of the Eye 44
Visual Fields 45
Colour Vision 48
Pupillary Reactions 51
Eye Movements 51
Anatomical Examination of the Eye 52
Special Examination Techniques 55
Investigative Techniques 56
Assessment Questions True or False 59
Answers 60
3: Clinical Optics 62
Introduction 62
Refractive Error (Ametropia) 62
Accommodation and Presbyopia 64
Optical Correction After Cataract Extraction 64
Contact Lenses 65
Spectacles 65
Low-Vision Aids 65
Refractive Surgery 66
Assessment Questions True or False 67
Answers 67
4: The Orbit 68
Introduction 68
Clinical Features 68
Proptosis 68
Enophthalmos 68
Pain 69
Eyelid and Conjunctival Changes 69
Binocular Diplopia 69
Visual Acuity 69
Investigation of Orbital Disease 70
Differential Diagnosis of Orbital Disease 70
Disorders of the Extraocular Muscles 70
Infective Disorders 70
Inflammatory Disease 71
Vascular Abnormalities 71
Orbital Tumours 72
Dermoid Cysts 72
Assessment Questions True or False 72
Answers 73
5: The Eyelids 74
Introduction 74
Abnormalities of Lid Position 74
Ptosis 74
Entropion 75
Ectropion 76
Inflammation of the Eyelids 76
Blepharitis 76
Benign Lid Lumps and Bumps 77
Chalazion 77
Molluscum Contagiosum 77
Cysts 78
Squamous Cell Papilloma 78
Xanthelasmas 78
Keratoacanthoma 78
Naevus (Mole) 78
Malignant Tumours 78
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) 78
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 79
Abnormalities of the Lashes 79
Trichiasis 79
Assessment Questions True or False 79
Answers 80
6: The Lacrimal System 81
Introduction 81
Abnormalities in Tear Flow and Evaporation – Dry Eye 81
Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye 81
Evaporative Dry Eye – Inadequate Meibomian Oil Delivery 82
Evaporative Dry Eye – Malposition of the Globe or Lid Margins 82
Cicatricial Conjunctival Disorders 82
Disorders of Tear Drainage 83
Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Infantile) 83
Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Adult) 83
Infections of the Nasolacrimal System 85
Assessment Questions True or False 85
Answers 86
7: Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera 87
Introduction 87
Symptoms 87
Signs 87
Conjunctiva 88
Inflammatory Diseases of the Conjunctiva 88
Conjunctival Degenerations 91
Cornea 91
Infective Corneal Lesions 91
Corneal Dystrophies 94
Disorders of Shape 94
Corneal Degenerations 95
Corneal Thinning 96
Corneal Grafting 97
Sclera 97
Assessment Questions True or False 98
Answers 99
8: The Lens and Cataract 102
Introduction 102
Cataract 102
Definition and Causes 102
Symptoms 103
Signs 103
Investigation 104
Treatment 104
Congenital Cataract 107
Disorders of Lens Shape 107
Disorders of Lens Position (Ectopia Lentis) 108
Assessment Questions to Check Your Understanding 108
Answers 108
9: Uveitis 110
Introduction 110
Epidemiology 110
Specific Conditions Associated With Uveitis 112
Ankylosing Spondylitis 113
Reiter's Disease 114
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Related Uveitis 114
History 114
Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis 115
Toxoplasmosis 115
Behçet's and Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Diseases 116
AIDS and CMV Retinitis 116
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis 117
Assessment Questions True or False 118
Answers 118
10: Glaucoma 120
Introduction 120
Pathophysiology 120
Classification 120
Pathogenesis 121
Primary (Chronic) Open-Angle Glaucoma 121
Closed-Angle Glaucoma 122
Secondary Glaucoma 122
Congenital Glaucoma 123
Chronic (Primary) Open-Angle Glaucoma 123
Epidemiology 123
Genetics 123
History 123
Examination 123
Treatment 126
Normal-Tension Glaucoma 129
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma 129
Epidemiology 129
History 129
Examination 129
Treatment 129
Secondary Glaucoma 129
Congenital Glaucoma 130
Prognosis of the Glaucomas 130
Assessment Questions True or False 131
Answers 132
11: Retina and Choroid 134
Introduction 134
Symptoms of Retinal Disease 134
Macular Dysfunction 134
Peripheral Retinal Dysfunction 135
Acquired Macular Disease 135
Age-Related Macular Degeneration 135
Macular Holes and Membranes 137
Central Serous Retinopathy 138
Macular Oedema 138
Toxic Maculopathies 139
Vitreous Floaters and Posterior Vitreous Detachment 140
Retinal Detachment 140
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 141
Traction Retinal Detachment 142
Retinoschisis 142
Inherited Retinal and Photoreceptor Dystrophies 142
Retinitis Pigmentosa 142
Cone Dystrophy 144
Juvenile Macular Dystrophies 145
Albinism 145
Retinal Tumours 145
Retinoblastoma 145
Astrocytomas 146
Choroidal Lesions, Including Melanoma 147
Metastatic Tumours 148
Assessment Questions 148
Answers 149
12: Retinal Vascular Disease 151
Introduction 151
Signs of Retinal Vascular Disease 151
Leakage from the Microcirculation 151
Occlusion of the Microcirculation 153
Diabetic Retinopathy 153
Arterial Occlusion 156
Venous Occlusion 157
Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension 159
Retinopathy of Prematurity 159
Sickle-Cell Retinopathy 160
Abnormal Retinal Blood Vessels 160
Abnormalities of the Blood 160
Assessment Questions 161
Answers 162
13: The Pupil and Its Responses 163
Introduction 163
Ocular Causes of Pupillary Abnormality 163
Neurological Causes of an Abnormal Pupil 163
Horner's Syndrome 163
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) 164
Light-Near Dissociation 165
Adie's Tonic Pupil 165
Argyll Robertson Pupil 165
Midbrain Pupil 165
Other Causes of Pupillary Abnormality 165
Assessment Questions True or False 166
Answers 166
14: Disorders of the Visual Pathway 168
Introduction 168
The Optic Nerve 168
The Swollen Optic Disc 168
Papilloedema Due to Raised Intracranial Pressure 169
Optic Neuritis 172
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy 172
Optic Atrophy 174
The Chiasm 175
Optic Tract, Radiation and Visual Cortex 175
Assessment Questions 176
Answers 176
15: Eye Movements and their Disorders 179
Introduction 179
Anatomy and Physiology 179
Non-Paralytic Squint 182
Binocular Single Vision 182
Aetiology of Non-Paralytic (Concomitant) Squint 182
Paralytic Squint 185
Isolated Nerve Palsy 185
Disease of the Extraocular Muscles 187
Dysthyroid Eye Disease (Grave's Disease) 187
Myasthenia Gravis 188
Ocular Myositis 189
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 189
Brown's Syndrome 189
Duane's Syndrome 189
Gaze Palsies 189
Lesions of the Parapontine Reticular Formation (PPRF) 189
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 189
Parinaud's Syndrome (Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome) 190
Abnormal Oscillations of the Eyes 190
Nystagmus 190
Assessment Questions 191
Answers 192
16: Trauma 193
Introduction 193
History, Symptoms and Signs 193
Examination 194
Without a Slit Lamp 194
With a Slit Lamp 197
Treatment 197
Orbital Blow-Out Fracture 197
Lacerations to the Skin and Lids 198
Corneal Abrasions 198
UV Injury to the Cornea 198
Corneal Foreign Bodies 198
Corneal and Scleral Penetrating Trauma 198
Uveitis 199
Hyphaema 199
Retinal Damage 199
Chemical Injury 199
Prognosis 199
Assessment Questions True or False 200
Answers 201
17: Tropical Ophthalmology: Eye Diseases in the Developing World 202
Introduction 202
Reasons for the Greater Prevalence of Blindness in the Developing World 202
Providing Eye Care in the Developing World 203
Major Causes of Blindness 203
Blindness in Childhood 203
Causes of Adult Blindness 203
Cataract 203
Tropical Diseases 205
Trachoma 205
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) 206
Vitamin A Deficiency (Xerophthalmia) 208
Measles 210
Corneal Infection, Ulceration and Scarring 210
HIV and AIDS 210
Ophthalmia Neonatorum 211
Diabetic Retinopathy 211
Assessment Questions True or False 211
Answers 211
References 212
18: Eye Diseases in Children 213
Introduction 213
Developmental Anatomy and Embryology 213
Development of Vision/Visual Milestones 213
Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM) 213
History and Examination 213
Assessment of Visual Acuity 214
Testing the Visual Field 214
Testing Binocular Vision 214
External Examination 215
Direct Ophthalmoscopy 215
Refraction and the Role of the Optician/Optometrist (General Ophthalmic Services) 216
Fundus Examination 216
Summary of Ocular Disease Seen in Children 216
The Orbit 216
The Eyelids 217
The Lacrimal System 217
Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera 217
Cataract 218
Uveitis 218
Glaucoma 218
Retinal and Choroidal Disease 218
Prematurity and the Eye 218
The Visual Pathway 219
Eye Movement Disorders 219
Squint 219
Nystagmus 220
Trauma 221
Child Abuse 221
Assessment Questions True or False 222
19: Services for the Visually Handicapped 223
Visual Impairment 223
Key Facts 223
Definitions 223
The Causes of Visual Impairment 223
Effect of Vision Impairment on Motor Function, Social Interactions and Cognition 224
Colour Blindness – Impact on Learning and Choice of Career 224
Rehabilitation of an Individual with Vision Impairment 224
Living Skills 224
Schools for the Visually Impaired 224
Low Vision Aids 224
Guide Dogs 224
White Cane 224
Certification, Statement of Educational Needs 224
Useful Contacts and Agencies 225
20: Clinical Cases 226
Introduction 226
Clinical Cases 226
Case 1 226
Case 2 226
Case 3 227
Case 4 227
Case 5 227
Case 6 228
Case 7 228
Case 8 228
Case 9 229
Case 10 229
Case 11 229
Case 12 229
Case 13 229
Case 14 230
Case 15 230
Case 16 231
Case 17 231
Case 18 232
Case 19 232
Case 20 232
Case 21 232
Case 22 233
Case 23 233
Case 24 233
Case 25 234
Useful References 235
Textbooks 235
Clinical Ophthalmology 235
Basic Science 235
Review Journals 235
Ophthalmic Journals 235
Websites 236
Organizations Producing Patient Information Literature 236
Appendix 1: Conversion Table for Representation of Visual Acuity 237
Appendix 2: Drugs Available for Ophthalmic Use 238
Treatment of Infection 238
Topical Antibiotics 238
Treatment of Chlymidial Infections 238
Treatment of Acanthamoeba Infections 238
Treatment of Viral Infections 238
Treatment of Fungal Infections 238
Treatment of Inflammation 238
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Preparations 238
Steroid Preparations 239
Mast Cell Stabilizers 239
Antihistamines 239
Mucolytics 239
Mydriatics and Cycloplegics 239
Antimuscarinics 239
Sympathomimetics 239
Ocular Hypotensives 239
Beta Receptor Antagonists 239
Prostaglandin Analogues 239
Sympathomimetics 239
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 239
Miotics 239
Local Anaesthetics 239
Ocular Lubricants 240
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors 240
Diagnostic Preparations 240
Index 241
End User License Agreement 253

Rezensionen

"If you are looking for a concise, visual guide for a solid foundation of ophthalmology or to revise key points before your finals, then this textbook is undoubtedly a worthy investment" - eyenews

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.10.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Augenheilkunde
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Studium
• Schlagworte: anatomy • clinical practice • Diagnosis • Examination • Eye • eye conditions • history-taking • Junior Doctors • <p>ophthalmology • Management • medical education • Medical Science • medical students • Medicine • Medizin • Medizinstudium • Ophthalmologie • Ophthalmologie u. Optometrie • Ophthalmology • Ophthalmology & Optometry • Optics • optometry • Revision • Treatment • undergraduate ophthalmology</p> • visual pathway
• ISBN-10: 1-119-09592-1 / 1119095921
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-09592-7 / 9781119095927