Basic Guide to Dental Radiography (eBook)

Tim Reynolds (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-91626-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Basic Guide to Dental Radiography provides an essential introduction to radiography in the dental practice. Illustrated throughout, this guide outlines and explains each topic in a clear and accessible style.

• Comprehensive coverage includes general physics, principles of image formation, digital image recording, equipment, biological effects of x-rays and legislation
• Suitable for the whole dental team 
• Illustrated in full colour throughout 
• Ideal for those completing mandatory CPD in radiography 
• Useful study guide for the NEBDN Certificate in Dental Radiography, the National Certificate in Radiography or the Level 3 Diploma in Dental Nursing

Tim Reynolds has worked for many years as a radiographer in the NHS. Outside of clinical work Tim has worked in radiographic education for more than 20 years. Tim was a nationally elected member of the College of Radiographers Council. During his time on Council he was a member of the team that liaised with the Dental Nurse Standards Advisory Board to jointly develop the syllabus of study which provided the model for dental nurse radiography courses. He also sat on the National Executive of the British Radiation Protection Association. Formerly Principal Tutor for the Diagnostic Radiography undergraduate course at Keele University, Tim now runs his own educational consultancy specialising in radiography training for dental nurses. 

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
Acknowledgements 10
Chapter 1 General physics 11
ATOMS AND MOLECULES 11
ENERGY 15
ELECTRICAL ENERGY 17
ELECTRIC CURRENT 19
Chapter 2 X-ray production 22
X-RAY TUBE FILAMENT 22
TRANSFORMERS 23
X-RAY TUBE ANODE 25
VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION 25
HALF-WAVE AND FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION 26
THE PROCESS OF X-RAY PRODUCTION 27
BREMSSTRAHLUNG (CONTINUOUS) SPECTRA 30
PRODUCTION OF LINE SPECTRA 31
FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF X-RAY QUANTA PRODUCED 32
THE PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS 33
Chapter 3 X-ray interaction with matter 37
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTENUATION 39
Chapter 4 Principles of image formation 46
IMAGING GEOMETRY 46
THE IDEAL IMAGING SYSTEM 48
EFFECT OF NONPARALLEL RELATIONSHIP 51
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION 51
Chapter 5 Imaging with dental X-ray film 56
DENTAL X-RAY FILM 56
THE CONSTRUCTION OF DENTAL FILM 57
FILM EMULSION 58
FILM CHARACTERISTICS 60
Characteristic curve of a film 60
FILM SPEED 61
FILM CONTRAST 61
Film contrast characteristics 62
FILM LATITUDE 62
Film (latitude) characteristics 63
CONTRAST AND SPEED 63
FILM PROCESSING 64
DEVELOPER 64
Developing faults 66
FIXER 68
Fixer faults 68
WASHING 69
Washing faults insufficient washing 69
DRYING THE FILM 69
Manual processing 69
Chapter 6 Digital imaging recording 71
TYPES OF DIGITAL IMAGE RECORDER 71
Phosphor plates 71
Charge-coupled devices 75
DIGITAL IMAGE RECORDING ADVANTAGES 76
DIGITAL ANALOGUE DETAIL COMPARISON 77
DIGITAL IMAGE DENSITY MANIPULATION 77
CONTRAST MANIPULATION 78
Chapter 7 X-ray equipment 80
INTRA-ORAL 80
DENTAL INTRA-ORAL TUBE HEAD 80
Tube exit port detail 80
Mineral oil 82
Technical features 82
ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPHY 83
Fulcrum points for mandibular tomography 86
Tomographic imaging movement for OPTs 87
Chapter 8 Radiation doses and dose measurement 88
UK POPULATION RADIATION DOSE 88
Medical and dental exposures 89
DOSE MEASUREMENT 89
TYPES OF DOSE METERS 90
THIMBLE IONISATION DOSE METER PICTURE 90
Thermoluminescent dose meter: Thimble chamber 91
Thermoluminescent dose meter 91
READING A TLD RECORD 92
DOSE QUANTITIES 93
Radiation exposure 93
Absorbed dose 93
Dose equivalent 94
Chapter 9 Biological effects of X-rays 96
INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RADIATION DOSES 97
DIRECT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION DOSES 98
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE 100
DETERMINISTIC OR NON-STOCHASTIC EFFECTS 100
WHO WILL BE AFFECTED 101
DETRIMENT WITH AGE AT EXPOSURE 101
DOSE REDUCTION FOR PATIENTS 102
DOSE REDUCTION FOR STAFF 103
Chapter 10 Legislation: Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR 1999) 104
IONISING RADIATIONS REGULATIONS 1999 (STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 3232) 104
Notification of specified work 105
Risk assessment 105
Restriction of exposure 107
Personal protective equipment 107
Dose limitation 108
Contingency plans 109
Radiation protection advisors (RPA) 110
Information and training 111
Designation of controlled areas 111
Controlled areas at below and above 70?kV 111
Advised safe standing area 113
Other consideration for controlled areas 113
Mains isolators 114
Operator’s position 115
Local rules and radiation protection supervisors 115
Radiation protection supervisors 116
Duties of manufacturers 116
Equipment for medical use 116
Chapter 11 Legislation: Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000 (IR(ME)R 2000), Statutory Instrument 1059 118
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYER 119
DUTIES OF THE PRACTITIONER, OPERATOR AND REFERRER 120
JUSTIFICATION OF MEDICAL EXPOSURES 121
Optimisation 121
Clinical audit 122
Justification 122
Optimisation 123
EXPERT ADVICE 123
TRAINING 123
Chapter 12 Quality assurance 124
STAFF TRAINING 125
FILM STORAGE 126
Ideal film storage conditions 126
Charge coupled devices 127
FILM HOLDERS 127
CASSETTES 128
FILM PROCESSORS 130
Cleaning 130
Temperature 130
CHEMICAL LEVELS 131
Chemical activity 131
Performing the stepped-wedge test 132
Setting up a stepped-wedge test 132
DARKROOM TESTING 133
Setting up the safelight test 134
X-RAY EQUIPMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE 136
Physical checks 136
Electrical safety 136
Radiation safety 137
Chapter 13 Dental intra-oral paralleling techniques 138
PERFORMING THE EXAMINATION 139
INTRA-ORAL PARALLELING TECHNIQUES 140
General rule for positioning film holders 141
THE FILM HOLDERS 141
EXAMPLES OF FILM HOLDERS 142
ASSEMBLING THE FILM HOLDERS 143
THE FILM 143
THE CENTRAL RAY 144
PLACING THE HOLDERS INTO THE PATIENT’S MOUTH 144
UPPER ANTERIOR FILM HOLDER PLACEMENT 144
APPEARANCE OF AN IMAGE OF THE UPPER CENTRAL INCISORS 146
LOWER ANTERIOR FILM HOLDER PLACEMENT 147
UPPER POSTERIOR HOLDER PLACEMENT 149
LOWER POSTERIOR HOLDER PLACEMENT 151
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMAGE 153
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT 153
Area 153
Projection 154
ASSESSMENT OF THE VERTICAL ANGLE 155
THE IMAGE 156
ASSESSING THE MESIODISTAL (LATERAL) ANGLE 158
DENSITY ASSESSMENT 160
CONTRAST ASSESSMENT 160
SHARPNESS ASSESSMENT 161
ARTEFACTS 162
BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS 163
BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS: PLACING THE HOLDER INTO THE MOUTH 163
CENTAL LONG-AXIS POSITION FOR BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS 165
ASSESSING THE BITEWING IMAGE 167
Area 167
Projection 167
Density 168
Contrast 168
Sharpness 168
Artefacts 168
Grading 168
Chapter 14 Orthopantomography 169
PERFORMING THE EXAMINATION 169
OPG IMAGE ASSESSMENT 171
Area 171
Projection 172
FRANKFORT PLANE ASSESSMENT 172
MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE ASSESSMENT 173
FOCAL TROUGH ASSESSMENT 176
Density 178
Contrast 178
Sharpness 179
Artefacts 179
Chapter 15 Other dental radiographic techniques 180
BISECTING ANGLE PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHS 180
Positioning the film 181
The central ray in bisecting angle 182
Bisecting angle guide to central ray positioning 183
Assessment of the bisecting angle image 183
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHS 186
Standard positioning for the upper central occlusal image 187
Upper oblique occlusal imaging 188
Positioning for lower occlusal radiographs 190
Positioning for infero-superior occlusal imaging 190
CEPHALOMETRIC IMAGING 191
Positioning the patient for cephalometry 192
Central ray 192
Assessment of the cephalometric image 192
Lateral cephalometry image assessment 193
RARELY USED TECHNIQUES 195
Parallax projections 195
Lateral oblique mandible (dissociated laterals) 196
Lateral oblique mandible image 198
Appendix A: Adequate training 199
Further reading 200
Appendix B: Image quality troubleshooting 202
Index 211
EULA 218

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.8.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Basic Guide Dentistry Series
• Reihe/Serie: Basic Guide Dentistry Series
• Reihe/Serie: Basic Guide Dentistry Series
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Zahnmedizin
• Schlagworte: basic guide to • CPD radiography • Dental Hygiene & Therapy • dental nurse • Dental Nursing • Dental Radiography • Dental Team • dentistry • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • Praxis der Zahnarzthelferin • Radiographie • radiography • Zahn • Zahnmedizin • Zahn- u. Mundhygiene u. Therapie
• ISBN-10: 1-118-91626-3 / 1118916263
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-91626-1 / 9781118916261