Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare (eBook)

Immy Holloway, Kathleen Galvin (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-87447-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare is an invaluable resource for those who carry out qualitative research in the healthcare arena. It is intended to assist:

• Professionals and academics in the healthcare field who undertake or teach research in clinical or educational settings;
• Postgraduates who are undertaking qualitative research and want to revise qualitative research approaches and procedures before going on to more specialist texts; and
• Undergraduates in their last year who wish to learn about qualitative perspectives or carry out a project using these approaches.

Fully updated from the earlier editions by Holloway and Wheeler, it reflects recent developments in nursing research. This new edition provides clear explanations of abstract ideas in qualitative research as well as practical procedures. Structured into four sections, the book looks at the initial stages, methods of data collection, qualitative approaches and analysis of collected data. It also contains a chapter on writing up and publishing qualitative research.

With applied and practical examples throughout, Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare is essential reading for those who are looking for a comprehensive introduction to qualitative research.  

About the Authors

Immy Hollowayis Professor Emerita in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, at Bournemouth University, UK.

Kathleen Galvin is Professor of Nursing Practice in the College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, at the University of Brighton, UK.

Inhalt

Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare 1
Contents 7
Preface 13
About the Authors 15
Acknowledgements 17
Part One: Introduction to Qualitative Research: Starting Out 19
Chapter 1: The Main Features and Uses of Qualitative Research 21
What is qualitative research? 21
The characteristics of qualitative research 21
The primacy of data 22
Contextualisation 22
Immersion in the setting 23
The `emic´ perspective 24
Thick description 25
The research relationship 26
Insider/outsider research 26
Reflexivity 27
The place of theory in qualitative research 28
The use of qualitative research in healthcare 30
Choosing an approach for health research 32
Problematic issues in qualitative research 33
Lack of methodological knowledge 33
Drowning in data and the need for time 34
Methodolatry 34
Romanticism and `emotionalism´ 34
Method slurring 35
Conclusion 35
Summary 36
References 36
Further Reading 38
Chapter 2: The Paradigm Debate: The Place of Qualitative Research 39
Theoretical frameworks and ontological position 39
The natural science model: positivism, objectivism and value neutrality 40
The paradigm debate 41
The interpretive/descriptive approach 43
Focus on postmodernism and social constructionism 44
Conflicting or complementary perspectives? 45
Final comment 47
References 47
Further Reading 48
Chapter 3: Initial Steps in the Research Process 49
Selecting and formulating the research question 49
The question must be researchable 51
The topic should be relevant and appropriate 51
The work must be feasible 52
The research should be of interest to the researcher 52
Practical issues 53
The research design and choice of approach 53
The literature review 54
The use of literature in qualitative research 55
Practicalities 57
Writing a research proposal 57
Structure of a proposal 58
Access and entry to the setting 63
The choice of setting 64
Access to gatekeepers 64
Summary 66
References 66
Further Reading 67
Chapter 4: Ethical Issues 69
The basic ethical framework for research 70
Ethics in qualitative research 73
Introduction 73
Ethics in research with patients 73
Informed consent and voluntary participation 75
Anonymity and confidentiality 77
Researching one's peers 80
The research relationship 80
The dual role 81
Research in the researcher's workplace 82
The role of research ethics committees 83
Reviewing the research project 84
Key ethical questions: audiotaped interviews 84
Key ethical questions: observation studies 86
Summary 87
References 87
Further Reading 89
Chapter 5: Supervision of Qualitative Research 91
The responsibilities of supervisor and student 92
Writing and relationships 94
Practical aspects of supervision 95
Single or joint supervision 97
Problems with supervision 98
Academic problems 99
Final notes 100
Summary 100
References 101
Further Reading 101
Part Two: Data Collection and Sampling 103
Chapter 6: Interviewing 105
Interviews as sources of data 105
The interview process 106
Preparing for the interview 107
Types of interview 107
The unstructured, non-standardised interview 107
The semi-structured interview 108
The structured or standardised interview 109
Types of questions in qualitative interviews 109
Practical considerations 110
Probing, prompting and summarising 111
The social context of the interview 112
Unexpected outcomes: qualitative interviewing and therapy 113
Length and timing of interviews 113
Recording interview data 114
Digital recording 114
Note taking 116
The interviewer-participant relationship 116
Peer interviews 116
Problematic issues and challenges in interviewing 117
Interviewing through electronic media 118
Online research and e-mail interviews 118
Telephone interviews 120
Ethical issues in interviewing 121
Strengths and weaknesses of interviewing 121
Advantages and limitations 122
The interviewer effect and reactivity 122
Summary 123
References 123
Further Reading 124
Chapter 7: Participant Observation and Documents as Sources of Data 125
Participant observation 125
The origins of participant observation 126
Immersion in culture and setting 126
Focus and setting 127
Types of observation 129
Specific ethical issues in observation 131
Progression and process 132
Process 133
Problems in observation 134
Technical procedures and practical hints 135
Documentary sources of data 136
Images as sources of data 139
Summary 140
References 140
Further Reading 141
Chapter 8: Focus Groups as Qualitative Research 143
What is a focus group? 143
The origin and purpose of focus groups 145
Sample size and composition 146
Conducting focus group interviews 149
The involvement of the interviewer 150
Analysing and reporting focus group data 151
Advantages and limitations of focus groups 153
Critical comments on focus group interviews in healthcare 154
Summary 155
References 155
Further Reading 157
Chapter 9: Sampling Strategies 159
Sampling decisions 159
Purposeful (or purposive) sampling 161
A variety of sampling types 163
Homogeneous sampling 163
Heterogeneous sampling 164
Total population sampling 164
Chain referral or snowball sampling 165
Convenience or opportunistic sampling 165
Maximum variation sampling 165
Theoretical sampling 166
Other types of sample selection 166
Inclusion and exclusion criteria 167
Sampling parameters 168
Sample size 169
Saturation 170
Giving a label to the participants 170
Summary 171
References 172
Further Reading 173
Part Three: Approaches in Qualitative Research 175
Chapter 10: Ethnography 177
The development of ethnography 178
The cultural context 178
Ethnographic methods 180
Ethnography in healthcare 181
The main features of ethnography 183
Data collection through observation and interviews 183
The use of `thick description´ 184
Selection of key informants and settings 184
The emic-etic dimension 185
Fieldwork 187
The ethnographic record: field and analytic notes 188
Micro- and macro-ethnographies 189
Doing and writing ethnography 190
Description 190
Analysis 190
Steps in the analysis 191
Interpretation 192
Pitfalls and problems 193
Summary 193
References 194
Further Reading 195
Chapter 11: Grounded Theory 197
History and origin 197
Symbolic interactionism 198
The main features of grounded theory 199
Data collection, theoretical sampling and analysis 200
Data collection 200
Theoretical sensitivity 201
Theoretical sampling 202
Data analysis: coding and categorising 203
The core category 206
Constant comparison 206
Using the literature 206
Integration of theory 208
Theoretical memos and fieldnotes 208
Pitfalls and problems 209
Glaser's critique and further development 210
Constructivist grounded theory 212
Which approach for the health researcher? 213
Summary 213
References 214
Further Reading 215
Chapter 12: Narrative Inquiry 217
The nature of narrative and story 217
Narrative research 218
Narratives in health research 218
The everyday story 222
Autobiographical and biographical stories 222
Cultural stories 223
Collective stories 223
Illness narratives 223
The restitution narrative 225
The chaos narrative 225
The quest narrative 226
Narrative interviewing 226
Narrative analysis 228
Thematic and holistic analysis 228
Structural analysis 229
Dialogic/performance analysis 230
Visual analysis 230
Problematic issues 231
Conclusion 232
Summary 233
References 233
Further Reading 235
Chapter 13: Phenomenology 237
Intentionality and the early stages of phenomenology 238
Phases and history of the movement 239
Schools of phenomenology 243
The phenomenological research process: doing phenomenology 244
Grounding 244
Reflexivity and positional knowledge 244
Humanisation and the language of experience 244
Phenomenology and health research 247
Topics for phenomenological approaches 247
Choice of approach: descriptive or interpretive phenomenology 248
Procedures for data collection and analysis 250
Summary 253
References 253
Further Reading 256
Chapter 14: Action Research 257
The origins of action research 258
Critical social theory 259
Action research in healthcare 260
The main features of action research 261
The methodological continuum 262
Practical steps 264
Trustworthiness in AR 265
Problems and critique 266
Summary 268
References 268
Further Reading 270
Chapter 15: Additional Approaches 271
Case Study Research (CSR) 271
Overview 271
Features and purpose of case study research 272
Conversation analysis 274
The origins of conversation analysis 275
The use of conversation analysis 275
Critical incident technique 277
The process of critical incident technique 278
Discourse analysis 279
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) 282
Performative social science 283
PSS in health research 284
Summary 286
References 286
Case Studies 286
Conversation Analysis 287
Further Reading 287
Critical Incident Technique 287
Further Reading 288
Discourse Analysis 288
Further Reading 289
Performative Social Science 289
Further Reading 289
Chapter 16: Mixing Methods 291
The nature of mixed methods studies 291
Mixed methods and pragmatism 292
Doing mixed methods research 293
Types of mixed methods research 293
The process of MMR 296
The place and purpose of the literature 297
Triangulation 298
Critique of MMR 298
Conclusion 299
Summary 299
References 300
Further Reading 301
Part Four: Data Analysis and Completion 303
Chapter 17: Data Analysis: Procedures, Practices and Use of Computers 305
Ordering and organising the data 309
Analytical styles 310
Coding and categorising 310
Problems of QDA 312
Inferential leaps and `premature closure´ 312
Collaboration in the process of analysis and interpretation 313
Computer-aided analysis of qualitative data 313
The reasons for computer use 314
Approaches to qualitative computer analysis 316
The practicalities of using computer-aided analysis 316
Advantages of computer use 317
Problems and critique of computer analysis 318
Summary 319
References 319
Further Reading 320
Chapter 18: Establishing Quality: Trustworthiness and Validity 321
Quality 321
Conventional criteria 322
The concept of validity in qualitative research 326
An alternative perspective: trustworthiness 327
Dependability 327
Credibility 327
Transferability 327
Confirmability 327
Authenticity 328
Strategies to ensure trustworthiness 328
Member checking 329
Searching for negative cases and alternative explanations 331
Peer review 331
Triangulation 332
The audit or decision trail 333
Thick description 333
Prolonged engagement 334
Reflexivity 334
Quality and creativity 334
Summary 335
References 335
Further Reading 337
Chapter 19: Writing up Qualitative Research 339
The research account 339
Use of the first person 340
The format of the report 341
Title 342
Abstract 343
Acknowledgement and dedication 344
Contents 345
Introduction 345
Entry issues and ethical considerations 346
Methodology and research design 346
Findings/results and discussion 347
Conclusion and implications 349
Referencing 351
Appendices 351
Critical assessment and evaluation 352
Guide to research evaluation 352
Publishing and presenting the research 353
Books 354
Articles 354
Types of article 355
Alternative forms of presenting or disseminating the research 356
Summary 356
References 357
Further Reading 358
Final Note 359
References 360
Glossary 361
Index 367
End User License Agreement 379

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.8.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Schlagworte: Ausbildung u. Perspektiven i. d. Krankenpflege • Clinical • Education • evidence-based nursing practice • Forschung im Gesundheitswesen • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Gesundheitswesen • Health & Social Care • Healthcare • health care research • Krankenpflege • Krankenpflegeforschung • Nurse • nursing • Nursing Education & Professional Development • nursing knowledge • Nursing Research • Qualitative research • Social Research
• ISBN-10: 1-118-87447-1 / 1118874471
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-87447-9 / 9781118874479