Public Health and Epidemiology at a Glance (eBook)

Margaret Somerville, K. Kumaran, Rob Anderson (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-99933-2 (ISBN)

Infos

First Prize in Public health in the 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards

Public Health and Epidemiology at a Glance is a highly visual introduction to the key concepts and major themes of population health. With comprehensive coverage of all the core topics covered at medical school, it helps students understand the determinants of health and their study, from personal lifestyle choices and behaviour, to environmental, social and economic factors.
This fully updated new edition features:
• More coverage of audit and quality improvement techniques
• Brand new sections on maternal and child health, and health of older people
• New chapters on social determinants of health and guideline development
• Expanded self-assessment material
This accessible guide is an invaluable resource for medical and healthcare students, junior doctors, and those preparing for a career in epidemiology and public health

Margaret Somerville is Director of Public Health and Health Policy at NHS Highland. Previously she was Senior Lecturer and Director of Public Health Learning in the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry.
Kumaran Kalyanaraman is Clinical Scientist and Senior Lecturer, MRC Life course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton Medical School.
Rob Anderson is Associate Professor of Health Economics and Evaluation at the University of Exeter Medical School.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface to the second edition 9
Acknowledgements 10
About the authors 11
How to use your textbook 12
Part 1 Introduction 13
Chapter 1 Introduction to public health 14
Domains of public health 15
Chapter 2 Public health old and new 16
Future public health challenges 17
Part 2 Epidemiology and evidence-based practice 19
Chapter 3 Incidence and prevalence 20
Definitions 21
Rates 21
Descriptive epidemiology 21
Chapter 4 Risks and odds 22
Risk, relative risk and absolute risk difference 23
Odds and odds ratio 23
Chapter 5 Hierarchy of evidence and investigating causation 24
Hierarchy of evidence 25
Difficulties in understanding causation 25
Establishing a causal relationship 25
Chapter 6 Bias, confounding and chance in epidemiological studies 26
Bias 27
Confounding 27
Chance 27
Chapter 7 Standardisation 28
Why do we need to standardise data? 29
Types of standardisation 29
Applications 29
Example 29
Chapter 8 Ecological and cross-sectional studies 30
Ecological studies 31
Ecological fallacy 31
Time trends 31
Cross-sectional studies 31
Chapter 9 Case-control studies 32
Basic design of case-control studies 33
Key issues in case-control studies 33
Matching 33
Advantages of case-control studies 33
Disadvantages of case-control studies 33
Chapter 10 Cohort studies 34
Basic design of cohort studies 35
Key issues in cohort studies 35
Advantages of cohort studies 35
Disadvantages of cohort studies 35
Nested case-control study 35
Chapter 11 Trials (experimental studies) 36
Key features of a good trial 37
Measures of effect in randomised trials 37
Chapter 12 Systematic reviews and meta-analysis 38
Systematic review 39
Publication bias 39
Meta-analysis 39
The Cochrane Collaboration 39
Systematic reviews of public health interventions 39
Questions to ask when appraising a systematic review and meta-analysis 39
Chapter 13 Diagnostic tests 40
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios 41
Effect of prevalence on predictive values and likelihood ratios 41
Checklist for appraising studies to assess the accuracy of diagnostic tests 41
Chapter 14 Developing clinical guidelines 42
Implementing clinical guidelines 43
Developing public health guidelines 43
Part 3 Assessing population health 45
Chapter 15 Health and illness 46
Definition of health 47
Illness 47
Disability, impairment and handicap 47
Measuring health and illness 47
Chapter 16 Demographic and epidemiological transitions 48
Population pyramids and demographic transition 49
Epidemiological transition 49
Chapter 17 Health information 50
Data sources 51
Mortality 51
Morbidity 51
Healthcare activity 51
Determinants of health 51
Chapter 18 Measuring population health status 52
Assessing health status of a population 53
Summary measures of population health 53
Chapter 19 Determinants of health 54
What factors determine health? 54
Increase in life expectancy 55
The problem of 'inequalities' 55
Non-modifiable factors 55
Chapter 20 Lifestyle determinants of health 56
Tobacco 57
Alcohol 57
Obesity 57
Chapter 21 Social determinants of health 58
Work and employment 59
Social networks 59
Education 59
Housing 59
Income and poverty 59
Chapter 22 Environmental determinants of health 60
Environmental health 61
Impact of climate change 61
Chapter 23 Inequalities in health 62
Chapter 24 Health needs assessment 64
Why should we assess health needs? 65
Definition of need 65
Epidemiologically based HNA 65
Rapid appraisal 65
Chapter 25 Maternal and infant health 66
Fertility 67
Maternal mortality 67
Care during pregnancy and childbirth 67
Health of the newborn 67
Chapter 26 Health of older people 68
Multi-morbidity and frailty 69
Inequalities in health of older people 69
Managing long-term conditions 69
A healthy old age 69
Part 4 Improving and protecting health 71
Chapter 27 Disease prevention 72
The natural history of disease 73
High risk versus population approaches 73
Chapter 28 Principles of disease transmission 74
Reproductive number 75
Routes of transmission 75
Latent, incubation and infectious periods 75
Consequences of exposure to infection 75
Occurrence of infectious diseases 75
Principles of control 75
Chapter 29 Communicable disease control 76
Managing single cases of communicable diseases (Figure 29a) 77
Case studies 77
Universal precautions 77
Outbreaks 77
Chapter 30 Surveillance 78
Definition 79
Sources of data for surveillance 79
Principles of surveillance 79
Example: surveillance to detect a new infection 79
Example: surveillance to monitor the effectiveness of public health interventions 79
Chapter 31 Immunisation 80
Herd immunity 81
Development of an immunisation programme 81
Risk versus benefit and risk perception 81
Chapter 32 Screening principles 82
Definition of screening 83
Assumptions 83
Screening tests 83
Ethical considerations 83
Sources of bias in assessing screening programmes 83
Chapter 33 Screening programmes 84
Elements of a screening programme 85
Criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme 85
Chapter 34 Health promotion 86
What is health promotion? 87
Range of health promotion activities 87
Health promotion programmes 87
Chapter 35 Changing behaviour 88
Health education 89
Working with individuals 89
Working with communities 89
Working with organisations 89
Working with policy-makers 89
Social marketing 89
Part 5 Health economics 91
Chapter 36 Economic perspectives on health 92
What is economics? 92
A quick guided tour of health economics 93
Health economics and health systems 93
Health economics, resource allocation and efficiency 93
Chapter 37 Economic evaluation 94
What is an economic evaluation? 95
Three main types 95
Using the results to inform policy 95
Chapter 38 Economic perspectives on measuring health-related outcomes 96
Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) 97
Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) 97
Methods for valuing health states 97
Generic quality-of-life questionnaires 97
Chapter 39 Economics of public health problems 98
The economics of obesity 99
How technology may be fattening 99
Obesity: should the government intervene? 99
Part 6 Effective healthcare 101
Chapter 40 Healthcare systems 102
'Public' versus 'private' 103
Who pays for healthcare and how? 103
Summary 103
Chapter 41 Planning health services 104
Types of health service planning 105
Needs and evidence-based planning 105
Equity 105
Commissioning 105
Chapter 42 Improving services 106
Audit 108
Improvement methodologies 108
Setting targets 108
Smoking cessation targets 108
Chapter 43 Healthcare evaluation 110
Evaluation criteria 111
Levels of evaluation: structure, process and outcome 111
Audit versus research 111
Patient and public involvement 111
Evaluating complex public health programmes 111
Self-assessment questions 112
Self-assessment answers 114
Appendix: practical issues in conducting epidemiological studies 117
Further reading 119
Index 120
EULA 125

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.6.2016
• Reihe/Serie: At a Glance
• Reihe/Serie: At a Glance
• Reihe/Serie: At a Glance
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung
• Schlagworte: Allg. Public Health • Career • disease prevention • epidemiology • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health • Health & Social Care • Healthcare Service • High Yield • Junior Doctor • Medical • medical education • Medical Science • Medical Statistics & Epidemiology • Medicine • Medizin • Medizinische Statistik u. Epidemiologie • Medizinstudium • Population level • Public Health • Public Health General • students
• ISBN-10: 1-118-99933-9 / 1118999339
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-99933-2 / 9781118999332