Clinical Guide to Cardiology (eBook)

Christian Fielder Camm, A. John Camm (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2015
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-75536-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Clinical Guide to Cardiology is a quick-reference resource, packed full of bullet points, diagrams, tables and algorithms for the key concepts and facts for important presentations and conditions within cardiology. It provides practical, evidence-based information on interventions, investigations, and the management of clinical cardiology.

Key features include:

• A clear evidence-base providing key guidelines and clinical trials in each chapter
• Coverage of examination techniques, common conditions, imaging modalities (including ECGs, chest X-rays, MRI and CT), interventional therapies, and pharmacology
• A companion website at www.wiley.com/go/camm/cardiology featuring audio clips, developed for differing levels of knowledge, that explain key concepts or an area in greater detail, as well as numerous additional clinical case studies, audio scripts, and self-assessment material

Christian Camm, Clinical Fellow of Cardiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Christian Camm is a graduate from both the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford. Having successfully completed his examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, he currently works as an Academic Clinical Fellow in Cardiology at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford.

A. John Camm, Professor of Clinical Cardiology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
Professor Camm graduated from Guy's Hospital, London and went on to pursue his career in cardiology at St Bartholomew's Hospital and then St George's Hospital, London where he is currently Chairman of the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Division of Cardiological Sciences.
He is also Convenor of Medicine, University of London, Trustee of the International Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology and President of the Arrhythmia Alliance. Professor Camm is recognised at internationally for his excellent research and teaching, his particular interests being cardiac electrophysiology, cardiac arrhythmias and implantable devices for rhythm control.

Inhalt

Clinical Guide to Cardiology 3
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Acronyms and Abbreviations 10
About the Companion Website 16
PART 1 Examination Techniques 17
1 Examination Techniques 19
1.1 Common conditions to be looked for on the examination 19
1.2 Clinical examination – peripheries 19
1.3 Clinical examination – the praecordium 22
1.4 How to present your findings 25
Safety first approach 25
Ward-round based 25
1.5 Eponymous signs and symptoms 26
PART 2 Approach to Presenting Complaints 27
2 Chest Pain 29
2.1 Definition 29
2.2 Diagnostic algorithm 29
2.3 Differentials list 29
Dangerous diagnoses 29
Common diagnoses 29
Diagnoses to consider 30
2.4 Key history features 30
Dangerous diagnosis 1 30
Dangerous diagnosis 2 30
Dangerous diagnosis 3 31
Dangerous diagnosis 4 31
Dangerous diagnosis 5 32
Common diagnosis 1 32
Common diagnosis 2 32
Common diagnosis 3 32
Common diagnosis 4 33
Common diagnosis 5 33
Common diagnosis 6 33
Diagnosis to consider 1 34
Diagnosis to consider 2 34
2.5 Key examination features 34
Dangerous diagnosis 1 34
Dangerous diagnosis 2 34
Dangerous diagnosis 3 35
Dangerous diagnosis 4 35
Dangerous diagnosis 5 35
Common diagnosis 1 36
Common diagnosis 2 36
Common diagnosis 3 36
Common diagnosis 4 37
Common diagnosis 5 37
Common diagnosis 6 37
Diagnosis to consider 1 37
Diagnosis to consider 2 37
2.6 Key investigations 38
Bedside 38
Blood tests 39
Imaging 40
Special 41
2.7 When to call a senior 41
Situations 41
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 41
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 42
Key clinical trials 42
Key trial 2.1 42
Key trial 2.2 42
Key trial 2.3 42
Key trial 2.4 43
Guidelines 43
3 Shortness of Breath 44
3.1 Definition 44
3.2 Diagnostic algorithm 44
3.3 Differentials list 44
Dangerous diagnoses 44
Common diagnoses 44
Diagnoses to consider 45
3.4 Key history features 45
Dangerous diagnosis 1 45
Dangerous diagnosis 2 45
Dangerous diagnosis 3 45
Dangerous diagnosis 4 46
Dangerous diagnosis 5 46
Common diagnosis 1 46
Common diagnosis 2 47
Common diagnosis 3 47
Common diagnosis 4 48
Diagnosis to consider 1 48
Diagnosis to consider 2 48
Diagnosis to consider 3 48
3.5 Key examination features 49
Dangerous diagnosis 1 49
Dangerous diagnosis 2 50
Dangerous diagnosis 3 51
Dangerous diagnosis 4 51
Dangerous diagnosis 5 52
Common diagnosis 1 52
Common diagnosis 2 53
Common diagnosis 3 54
Common diagnosis 4 54
Diagnosis to consider 1 55
Diagnosis to consider 2 55
Diagnosis to consider 3 55
3.6 Key investigations 56
Bedside 56
Blood tests 58
Imaging 59
Special tests 61
3.7 When to call a senior 61
Situations 61
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 61
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 61
Guidelines 62
4 Loss of Consciousness 63
4.1 Definition 63
4.2 Classification 63
4.3 Differentials list 63
Dangerous diagnoses 63
Common diagnoses 64
Diagnoses to consider 64
4.4 Key history features 64
General points 64
Dangerous diagnosis 1 65
Dangerous diagnosis 2 65
Dangerous diagnosis 3 65
Dangerous diagnosis 4 66
Dangerous diagnosis 5 67
Dangerous diagnosis 6 67
Common diagnosis 1 67
Common diagnosis 2 68
Common diagnosis 3 68
Common diagnosis 4 68
Diagnosis to consider 1 68
Diagnosis to consider 2 68
Diagnosis to consider 3 68
Diagnosis to consider 4 69
4.5 Key examination features 69
Dangerous diagnosis 1 69
Dangerous diagnosis 2 69
Dangerous diagnosis 3 69
Dangerous diagnosis 4 70
Dangerous diagnosis 5 70
Dangerous diagnosis 6 70
Common diagnosis 1 70
Common diagnosis 2 71
Common diagnosis 3 71
Common diagnosis 4 71
Diagnosis to consider 1 71
Diagnosis to consider 2 71
Diagnosis to consider 3 72
Diagnosis to consider 4 72
4.6 Key investigations 72
Bedside tests 72
Blood tests 73
Imaging 73
Special 74
4.7 When to call a senior 75
Situations 75
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 75
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 75
Key clinical trials 76
Key trial 4.1 76
Key trial 4.2 76
Guidelines 76
5 Palpitations 78
5.1 Definition 78
5.2 Diagnostic algorithm 78
5.3 Differentials list 78
Tachyarrhythmias 78
Bradyarrhythmias 79
Extrasystoles 79
Atrial fibrillation 79
Sinus rhythm/tachycardia 79
5.4 Key history features 79
Tachyarrhythmia 1 79
Tachyarrhythmia 2 80
Bradyarrhythmia 1 80
Bradyarrhythmia 2 80
Extrasystoles 1 81
Extrasystoles 2 81
Atrial fibrillation 81
Sinus rhythmtachycardia 82
5.5 Key examination features 82
Tachyarrhythmia 1 82
Tachyarrhythmia 2 82
Bradyarrhythmia 1 83
Bradyarrhythmia 2 83
Extrasystoles 1 83
Extrasystoles 2 83
Atrial fibrillation 83
Sinus rhythmtachycardia 84
5.6 Key investigations 84
Bedside 84
Blood tests 84
Imaging 85
Special tests 85
5.7 When to call a senior 85
Situations 85
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 86
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 86
Guidelines 87
6 Cardiac Murmurs 88
6.1 Definition 88
6.2 Classification 88
6.3 Differentials list 89
In the unwell patient 90
In the stable patient 90
Diagnoses to consider 90
6.4 Key history features 90
General points 90
Unstable diagnosis 1 90
Unstable diagnosis 2 90
Unstable diagnosis 3 91
Unstable diagnosis 4 91
Stable diagnosis 1 91
Stable diagnosis 2 92
Stable diagnosis 3 92
Stable diagnosis 4 93
Stable diagnosis 5 93
Stable diagnosis 6 94
Stable diagnosis 7 95
Diagnosis to consider 1 95
Diagnosis to consider 2 95
Diagnosis to consider 3 95
6.5 Key examination features 96
Unstable diagnosis 1 96
Unstable diagnosis 2 97
Unstable diagnosis 3 97
Unstable diagnosis 4 98
Stable diagnosis 1 98
Stable diagnosis 2 98
Stable diagnosis 3 99
Stable diagnosis 4 99
Stable diagnosis 5 99
Stable diagnosis 6 100
Stable diagnosis 7 100
Diagnosis to consider 1 101
Diagnosis to consider 2 101
Diagnosis to consider 3 101
6.6 Key investigations 102
Bedside tests 102
Blood tests 103
Imaging 103
Special tests 104
6.7 When to call a senior 105
Situations 105
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 106
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 106
Key clinical trials 106
Key trial 6.1 106
Key Trial 6.2 107
Guidelines 107
7 Shock 108
7.1 Definition 108
7.2 Diagnostic algorithm 108
7.3 Differentials list 109
Dangerous diagnoses 109
Common diagnoses 109
Diagnoses to consider 109
7.4 Key history features 109
Common diagnosis 1 109
Common diagnosis 2 110
Common diagnosis 3 111
Common diagnosis 4 112
Common diagnosis 5 112
Diagnosis to consider 1 113
Diagnosis to consider 2 113
7.5 Key examination features 114
Common diagnosis 1 114
Common diagnosis 2 115
Common diagnosis 3 116
Common diagnosis 4 116
Common diagnosis 5 116
Diagnosis to consider 1 116
Diagnosis to consider 2 117
7.6 Key investigations 117
Bedside 117
Blood tests 118
Imaging 118
Special 119
7.7 When to call a senior 119
Situations 119
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 119
Key clinical trials 119
Key Trial 7.1 119
Key Trial 7.2 120
Key Trial 7.3 120
Guidelines 120
8 Oedema 122
8.1 Definition 122
8.2 Diagnostic algorithm 122
8.3 Differentials list 122
Dangerous diagnoses 122
Common diagnoses 122
Diagnoses to consider 123
8.4 Key history features 123
Dangerous diagnosis 1 123
Dangerous diagnosis 2 123
Dangerous diagnosis 3 123
Common diagnosis 1 124
Common diagnosis 2 124
Common diagnosis 3 124
Common diagnosis 4 125
Diagnosis to consider 1 125
Diagnosis to consider 2 125
Diagnosis to consider 3 125
8.5 Key examination features 126
Dangerous diagnosis 1 126
Dangerous diagnosis 2 126
Dangerous diagnosis 3 126
Common diagnosis 1 126
Common diagnosis 2 127
Common diagnosis 3 127
Common diagnosis 4 128
Diagnosis to consider 1 128
Diagnosis to consider 2 128
Diagnosis to consider 3 129
8.6 Key investigations 129
Bedside tests 129
Blood tests 130
Imaging 130
Special tests 131
8.7 When to call a senior 131
Situations 131
What should be arranged by the time the senior arrives 131
What should be completed by the time the senior arrives 131
Key clinical trials 132
Key trial 8.1 132
Guidelines 132
PART 3 Conditions 133
9 Acute Coronary Syndrome 135
9.1 Definition 135
Acute myocardial infarction criteria 135
Prior myocardial infarction criteria: 135
9.2 Underlying concepts 135
Cardiac biomarkers 137
Cardiac anatomy 138
9.3 Key data 138
Aetiology 138
Risk factors 138
Incidence 138
Mortality 138
9.4 Clinical types 138
Pre-troponin 138
Post-troponin 138
Complications 140
9.5 Presenting features 140
Features associated with ACS itself 141
Signs suggesting exacerbating conditions 141
Features associated with ACS complications 141
9.6 Differentials 142
Non-atherosclerotic myocardial infarctions 142
Conditions mimicking non-ST-elevation myocardial infarctions 142
9.7 Key investigations 143
Bedside tests 143
Blood tests 144
Imaging 145
Special tests 145
Risk scores 146
9.8 Management options 147
Conservative 147
Medical 147
Invasive 150
Long-term treatment (the standard post-MI bundle) 151
Key clinical trials 152
Key trial 9.1 152
Key trial 9.2 152
Key trial 9.3 152
Guidelines 153
10 Stable Angina 154
10.1 Definition 154
10.2 Underlying concepts 154
10.3 Key data 154
Aetiologyrisk factors 154
Incidence 156
Prevalence 156
Mortality 156
10.4 Clinical types 156
10.5 Presenting features 156
On take (acute) 156
In clinic (chronic) 157
10.6 Differentials 157
Most common 157
Less common but dangerous 157
Not to miss 157
10.7 Key investigations 158
Bedside 158
Blood tests 159
Imaging 159
Special tests 159
10.8 Management options 160
Conservative 160
Medical 160
Invasive 161
Key clinical trials 161
Key trial 10.1 161
Key trial 10.2 161
Guidelines 161
11 Heart Failure 163
11.1 Definition 163
11.2 Underlying concepts 163
11.3 Clinical types 164
Systolic vs. diastolic failure 164
Left-sided vs. right-sided failure 164
11.4 Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction 164
Key data 164
Differentials 166
Key investigations 166
Bedside 166
Blood tests 167
Imaging 168
Special investigations 169
Diagnostic algorithm 170
Management options 170
Acute pulmonary oedema 173
11.5 Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF) 173
Key data 173
Diagnosis 173
Management 174
Key clinical trials 174
Key trial 11.1 174
Key trial 11.2 174
Key trial 11.3 174
Guidelines 175
12 Infective Endocarditis 176
12.1 Definition 176
12.2 Underlying concepts 176
12.3 Key data 177
Aetiology 177
Incidence 177
Mortality 177
12.4 Clinical types 178
According to mode of acquisition 178
According to presentation 179
12.5 Presenting features 179
12.6 Differentials 181
Most common 181
Less common but dangerous 182
Not to miss 182
12.7 Key investigations 182
Bedside tests 182
Blood tests 182
Imaging 183
Special tests 183
12.8 Management options 184
Conservative 184
Medical 185
Invasive 186
Key clinical trials 186
Key trial 12.1 186
Key trial 12.2 186
Guidelines 187
13 Arrhythmias 188
13.1 Definition 188
13.2 Underlying concepts 188
13.3 Clinical types 188
Atrial 188
Nodal 189
Ventricular 189
13.4 Atrial fibrillation 189
Key data 189
Pathophysiology 190
Clinical types 190
Presenting features 191
Differentials 191
Key investigations 191
Management options 192
13.5 Atrial flutter 195
Key data 196
Pathophysiology 196
Clinical types 196
Presenting features 197
Differentials 197
Key investigations 197
Management options 197
13.6 Supraventricular tachycardias 197
Key data 197
Clinical types 198
Presenting features 198
Differentials 198
Key investigations 199
Management options 200
13.7 Ventricular tachycardia 200
Key data 200
Pathophysiology 202
Clinical types 203
Presenting features 203
Differentials 203
Key investigations 203
Management options 205
13.8 Other arrhythmias to be aware of 205
Multifocal atrial tachycardia 205
Ventricular fibrillation 205
Key clinical trials 206
Key trial 13.1 206
Key trial 13.2 206
Key trial 13.3 207
Key trial 13.4 207
Key trial 13.5 207
Guidelines 207
14 Valvular Heart Disease 209
14.1 Definition 209
14.2 Underlying concepts 209
14.3 Clinical types 210
14.4 Mitral regurgitation (MR) 211
Pathophysiology 211
Key data 211
Presenting features 212
Differentials 213
Key investigations 213
Management options 214
14.5 Mitral stenosis (MS) 215
Pathophysiology 215
Key data 215
Presenting features 216
Differentials 217
Key investigations 217
Management options 219
14.6 Aortic stenosis (AS) 219
Pathophysiology 219
Key data 220
Presenting features 220
Differentials 221
Key investigations 222
Management options 223
14.7 Aortic regurgitation (AR) 223
Pathophysiology 223
Key data 224
Presenting features 224
Differentials 225
Key investigations 225
Management options 226
14.8 Other murmurs to be aware of 227
Hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy (H(O)CM) 227
Pulmonary and tricuspid valve disease 227
Prosthetic heart valve murmur 227
Innocent murmur 228
14.9 Key clinical trials 228
Key trial 14.1 228
Key trial 14.2 228
Key trial 14.3 228
Key trial 14.4 229
Key trial 14.5 229
Guidelines 229
15 Cardiomyopathy 230
15.1 Definition 230
15.2 Underlying concepts 230
15.3 Clinical types 230
15.4 Presentation 232
15.5 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 232
Key data 232
Outline of pathophysiology 233
Presenting features 233
Differentials 234
Key investigations 234
Management options 237
15.6 Dilated cardiomyopathy 237
Key data 237
Outline of pathophysiology 239
Presenting features 239
Differentials 240
Key investigations 240
Management options 242
15.7 Restrictive cardiomyopathy 243
Key data 243
Outline of pathophysiology 244
Presenting features 244
Differentials 245
Key investigations 245
Management options 246
15.8 Other cardiomyopathies 247
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy 247
Arrhythmogenic (right ventricular) cardiomyopathy 247
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 247
Guidelines 247
16 Hypertension 248
16.1 Definition 248
16.2 Underlying concepts 248
Defining hypertension 248
Pathophysiology 248
Major complications of hypertension 249
16.3 Key data 250
Aetiology 250
Incidence 251
Prevalence 251
Mortality 251
16.4 Clinical types 251
Primary vs. secondary hypertension 251
Hypertensive emergency 251
Hypertensive urgency 252
16.5 Presenting features 252
On take (hypertensive emergencies) 252
In clinic (chronic hypertension) 252
16.6 Differentials 254
16.7 Key investigations 254
Aims of investigations in hypertension 254
Bedside tests 254
Blood tests 254
Imaging 254
Special tests 255
16.8 Management options 255
Diagnosing hypertension 255
When to treat hypertension 256
Blood pressure goals 257
Treatment options 257
Key clinical trials 259
Key trial 16.1 259
Key trial 16.2 259
Key trial 16.3 260
Guidelines 260
17 Pericardial Disease 261
17.1 Definition 261
17.2 Underlying concepts 261
Anatomy 261
Pathophysiology 261
17.3 Clinical types 261
Morphological classification 261
Temporal classification 262
17.4 Acute pericarditis 262
Pathophysiology 262
Key data 262
Presenting features 263
Risk factors 264
Differentials 264
Key investigations 265
Management options 266
17.5 Constrictive pericarditis 267
Pathophysiology 267
Key data 268
Presenting features 268
Differentials 268
Key investigations 268
Management options 270
17.6 Pericardial effusion 270
Pathophysiology 270
Key data 271
Presenting features 271
Differentials 272
Key investigations 272
Management options 275
Key clinical trials 275
Key Trial 17.1 275
Guidelines 276
18 Congenital Heart Disease 277
18.1 Definition 277
18.2 Underlying concepts 277
Acyanotic 277
Cyanotic 277
18.3 Atrial septal defect 278
Definition 278
Pathophysiology and anatomy 278
Key data 278
Clinical types 279
Presenting features 279
Differentials 280
Key investigations 280
Management options 281
18.4 Ventricular septal defect 282
Definition 282
Pathophysiology and anatomy 282
Key data 283
Clinical types 283
Presenting features 283
Differentials 284
Key investigations 284
Management options 285
18.5 Coarctation of the aorta 286
Definition 286
Pathophysiology and anatomy 286
Key data 286
Clinical types 287
Presenting features 287
Differentials 287
Key investigations 287
Management options 288
18.6 Other forms of congenital heart disease 289
Patent ductus arteriosus 289
Fallots tetralogy 289
Transposition of the great arteries 290
Key clinical trials 291
Key trial 18.1 291
Key trial 18.2 291
Key trial 18.3 291
Guidelines 292
PART 4 Imaging 293
19 Electrocardiogram 295
19.1 Definition 295
19.2 Outline of procedure 295
19.3 Indications 296
19.4 Peri-procedural management 296
19.5 Key features 296
Leads 296
Waves 297
Segments and intervals 298
19.6 Interpretation 299
Sequence of interpretation 299
Common ECG patterns 303
19.7 Potential complications 308
Most common 308
Dangerous 308
Guidelines 308
20 Transoesophageal Echocardiogram 309
20.1 Definition 309
20.2 Outline of procedure 309
20.3 Indications 310
20.4 Peri-procedural management 312
Prior to procedure 312
Post procedure 312
20.5 Interpretation 312
Left ventricle 312
Right ventricle 312
Atria 312
Valves 312
Aorta 312
Pericardium 313
20.6 Potential complications 313
Most common 313
Dangerous 313
Guidelines 314
21 Trans-Thoracic Echocardiogram 315
21.1 Definition 315
21.2 Outline of procedure 315
21.3 Indications 316
Assessment/diagnosis of valvular pathology 316
Suspected/known structural cardiac disease (diagnosis and/or surveillance) 316
Diagnosis of pericardial disease 316
Procedural guidance 317
Risk assessment/stratification 317
21.4 Peri-procedural management 317
Prior to procedure 317
Post procedure 317
21.5 Interpretation 317
Left ventricle 318
Right ventricle 318
Atria 318
Valvular function (mainly aortic and mitral) 318
Pericardium 318
21.6 Potential complications 321
Most common 321
Dangerous 321
Guidelines 321
22 Cardiac MRI 322
22.1 Definition 322
22.2 Outline of procedure 322
Procedure 323
22.3 Indications 323
22.4 Peri-procedural management 323
Prior to procedure 323
Post procedure 323
22.5 Interpretation 324
Defining cardiac anatomy 324
Quantifying leftright ventricular function 324
Assessing myocardial viability 325
Quantifying blood flow 325
Coronary artery MR angiography 325
22.6 Potential complications 326
Most common 326
Dangerous 326
Key clinical trials 327
Key trial 22.1 327
Key trial 22.2 327
Guidelines 327
23 Cardiac CT 329
23.1 Definition 329
23.2 Outline of procedure 329
23.3 Indications 330
MDCT coronary angiogram 330
Coronary artery calcium score 330
23.4 Peri-procedural management 330
Prior to procedure 330
Post procedure 331
23.5 Interpretation 331
CT contrast coronary angiogram 331
Calcium scoring 331
23.6 Potential complications 333
Key clinical trials 334
Key trial 23.1 334
Key trial 23.2 334
Guidelines 334
24 Cardiac Catheterization 336
24.1 Definition 336
24.2 Outline of procedure 336
The procedure 337
24.3 Indications 338
24.4 Peri-procedural management 339
Prior to procedure 339
Post procedure 340
Patient advice 340
24.5 Interpretation 340
Left heart 341
Right heart 341
Coronary arteries 341
24.6 Potential complications 341
General complications 341
Right heart catheterization 341
Left heart catheterization 341
Guidelines 341
PART 5 Interventional Therapies 343
25 Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators 345
25.1 Definition 345
Pacemaker 345
Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) 345
25.2 Outline of devices 345
Permanent pacemakers 345
Implantable cardiac defibrillator 347
Temporary pacing wire 347
25.3 Outline of procedure 348
Procedure 348
25.4 Indications 348
Indications for permanent pacemaker 348
Indications for temporary pacemaker 351
Indications for implantable cardiac defibrillator 351
25.5 Peri-procedural management 351
Prior to procedure 351
Post procedure 351
25.6 Potential complications 352
Key clinical trials 352
Key trial 25.1 352
Key trial 25.2 353
Key trial 25.3 353
Guidelines 353
26 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Angioplasty 354
26.1 Definition 354
Coronary angiography 354
Coronary angioplasty 354
26.2 Basic principles 354
Right coronary artery 354
Left coronary artery 354
Relation of ECG leads to cardiac anatomy 355
26.3 Outline of procedure 356
The procedure 356
26.4 Indications 356
Primary (emergency) PCI 356
Urgent PCI 356
Elective angiography +/? PCI 356
26.5 Peri-procedural management 357
Prior to procedure 357
Post procedure 358
Patient advice 358
26.6 Interpretation 359
History 359
Procedure 359
Management 359
Interpretation 359
Angiographic indications for revascularisation 359
26.7 Potential complications 360
Most common 360
Dangerous 360
26.8 Thrombolysis 361
Indication 361
Procedure 361
Drugs used 361
Complications 361
Key clinical trials 362
Key trial 26.1 362
Key trial 26.2 362
Key trial 26.3 362
Key trial 26.4 362
Guidelines 363
27 Valvuloplasty 364
27.1 Definition 364
27.2 Outline of procedure and devices 364
Procedure 364
Device 365
27.3 Indications 366
27.4 Peri-procedural management 366
Prior to procedure 366
Post procedure 366
Patient advice 366
27.5 Potential complications 366
Most common 366
Dangerous 367
Guidelines 367
28 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation 368
28.1 Definition 368
28.2 Outline of procedure and devices 368
Devices 369
Procedure 369
28.3 Indications 371
28.4 Peri-procedural management 371
Prior to procedure 371
Post procedure 372
Patient advice 372
28.5 Potential complications 372
Key clinical trials 373
Key Trial 28.1 373
Guidelines 374
29 Cardiac Ablation 375
29.1 Definition 375
29.2 Outline of procedure 375
Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) 375
AV nodal/His bundle ablation 375
AV nodal (slow-pathway) ablation 376
Accessory pathway ablation 376
Cavo-tricuspid isthmus ablation 376
RVOT ablation 376
Other ventricular tachycardias 376
29.3 Indications 377
29.4 Peri-procedural management 378
Prior to procedure 378
Post procedure 378
Patient advice 378
29.5 Potential complications 378
Most common 378
Dangerous 378
Key clinical trials 379
Key trial 29.1 379
Key trial 29.2 380
Guidelines 380
PART 6 Pharmacology 381
30 Anti-Arrhythmic Agents 383
30.1 Adenosine 383
Drug class 383
Pharmacology 383
Indications 383
Contraindications 383
Interactions 383
Side effects 383
Excretionmetabolism 384
Route 384
Starting dose 384
Monitoringequipment 384
30.2 Amiodarone 384
Drug class 384
Pharmacology 384
Indications 384
Contraindications 385
Cautions 385
Interactions 385
Side effects 385
Excretionmetabolism 385
Route 385
Starting dose 385
Monitoringequipment 385
30.3 Flecainide 386
Drug class 386
Pharmacology 386
Indications 386
Contraindications 386
Cautions 386
Interactions 386
Side effects 386
Excretionmetabolism 387
Routes 387
Starting dose 387
Monitoringequipment 387
30.4 Digoxin 387
Drug class 387
Pharmacology 388
Indications 388
Contraindications 388
Interactions 388
Side effects 388
Excretionmetabolism 388
Routes 388
Starting dose 388
Monitoringequipment 388
30.5 Atropine 389
Drug class 389
Pharmacology 389
Indications 389
Contraindications 389
Interactions 389
Side effects 389
Excretionmetabolism 389
Routes 390
Starting dose 390
Monitoringequipment 390
Key clinical trials 390
Key trial 30.1 390
Key trial 30.2 390
31 Beta-Blockers 391
31.1 General notes 391
Myocardial effect 391
Effect on smooth muscle 391
Hypertension 391
Heart failure 392
Liver 392
31.2 Non-selective 392
Drug examples 392
Pharmacology 392
Indications (cardiac) 392
Contraindications 392
Cautions 392
Interactions 393
Side effects 393
Common 393
Excretion/metabolism 393
Route 393
Starting dose 393
31.3 Cardioselective 393
Drug example 394
Pharmacology 394
Indications 394
Contraindications 394
Cautions 394
Interactions 394
Side effects 394
Excretion/metabolism 394
Route 394
Starting dose 394
Termination of arrhythmia 394
Key clinical trials 395
Key trial 31.1 395
Key trial 31.2 395
32 Calcium-Channel Blockers 396
32.1 General notes 396
32.2 Cardiac selective 396
Drug examples 396
Pharmacology 397
Indications 397
Contraindications 397
Cautions 397
Interactions (selected) 397
Side effects 397
Excretion/metabolism 397
Route 398
Starting dose 398
32.3 Action primarily on vascular smooth muscle 398
Drug examples 398
Pharmacology 398
Indications 398
Contraindications 399
Caution 399
Interactions 399
Side effects 399
Excretion/metabolism 399
Route 399
Starting dose 399
Key clinical trials 400
Key trial 32.1 400
Key trial 32.2 400
33 Nitrates 401
33.1 General notes 401
33.2 Oral nitrates 401
Drug examples 401
Pharmacology 401
Indications 402
Contraindications 402
Caution 402
Interactions 402
Side effects 402
Excretion/metabolism 402
Route 402
Starting dose 402
33.3 Nitrates used as an infusion 403
Drug examples 403
Pharmacology 403
Indications 403
Contraindications 403
Interactions 403
Side-effects 403
Excretion/metabolism 403
Starting dose 404
Key clinical trials 404
Key trial 33.1 404
Key trial 33.2 404
34 Drugs Targeting the Angiotensin Axis 405
34.1 General notes 405
34.2 ACE inhibitors (ACEi) 405
Drug examples 405
Pharmacology 406
Indications 406
Contraindications 406
Cautions 406
Interactions 406
Side effects 406
Excretion/metabolism 406
Starting dose 407
Monitoring 407
34.3 Angiotensin-receptor blockers 407
Drug examples 407
Pharmacology 407
Indications 407
Contraindications 407
Caution 407
Interactions 407
Side effects 407
Excretion/metabolism 408
Starting dose 408
Monitoring 408
35 Diuretics 409
35.1 Loop diuretics 409
Drug examples 409
Pharmacology 409
Indications 409
Contraindications 409
Caution 409
Interactions 410
Side effects 410
Excretion/metabolism 410
Routes 410
Starting dose 410
35.2 Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics 410
Drug examples 411
Pharmacology 411
Indications 411
Contraindications 411
Caution 411
Interactions 411
Side effects 411
Excretion/metabolism 412
Starting dose 412
35.3 Potassium-sparing diuretics 412
Drug examples 412
Pharmacology 412
Indications 413
Contraindications 413
Caution 413
Interactions 413
Side effects 413
Excretion/metabolism 413
Starting dose 413
Key trials 414
Key trial 35.1 414
36 Anticoagulants 415
36.1 Heparin 415
Pharmacology 415
Indications 415
Contraindications 415
Caution 415
Interactions 416
Side effects 416
Excretion/metabolism 416
Starting dose 416
Monitoring 416
36.2 Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) 417
Drug examples 417
Pharmacology 417
Indications 417
Contraindications 417
Caution 417
Interactions 417
Side effects 417
Excretion/metabolism 417
Starting dose 418
Monitoring 418
36.3 Fondaparinux 418
Pharmacology 418
Indications 418
Contraindications 418
Caution 418
Interactions 418
Side effects 418
Excretion/metabolism 419
Starting dose 419
Monitoring 419
36.4 Warfarin 419
Pharmacology 419
Indications 420
Caution 420
Interactions 420
Side effects 421
Excretion/metabolism 421
Starting dose 421
Monitoring 421
Reversal 421
36.5 Novel oral anticoagulants 422
Drug examples 422
Pharmacology 422
Indications 422
Contraindications 422
Caution 422
Interactions 422
Side effects 422
Excretion/metabolism 422
Starting dose 423
Monitoring 423
Reversal 423
Key trials 423
Key trial 36.1 423
Key trial 36.2 423
Key trial 36.3 424
37 Antiplatelets 425
37.1 Aspirin 425
Pharmacology 425
Indications 425
Contraindications 425
Caution 425
Interactions 426
Side effects 426
Excretion/metabolism 426
Starting dose 426
37.2 Clopidogrel 426
Pharmacology 426
Indications (cardiac) 427
Contraindications 427
Caution 427
Interactions 427
Side effects 427
Excretion/metabolism 427
Starting dose 427
37.3 Novel antiplatelets 427
Drug examples 427
Pharmacology 428
Indications 428
Contraindications 428
Caution 428
Interactions 429
Side effects 429
Excretion/metabolism 429
Starting dose 429
38 Lipid Regulation 430
38.1 Statins 430
Drug examples 430
Pharmacology 430
Indications 430
Contraindications 430
Cautions 431
Interactions 431
Side effects 431
Excretion/metabolism 431
Starting dose 431
Index 433
EULA 443

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.12.2015
• Reihe/Serie: Clinical Guides
• Reihe/Serie: Clinical Guides
• Reihe/Serie: Clinical Guides
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Kardiologie / Angiologie
• Schlagworte: Ablation • ACE Inhibitors • Acute • Angina • Angiography • Angioplasty • Anti-arrhythmics • Anti-coagulants • Arrhythmias • Beta-Blockers • Cardiac • Cardiology, Examination • cardiomyopathy • Cardiovascular Disease • Chest • Congenital • coronary • CT • Defibrillators • Disease • Diuretics • ecg • Echocardiography • Endocarditis • Failure • heart • Hypertension • Imaging • implantable • Intervention • Interventional • Interventional cardiology • Invasive Kardiologie • Junior Doctor • Kardiologie • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen • medical education • Medical Science • Medizin • Medizinstudium • MRI • murmurs • Oedema • pacemakers • Pain • Palpitations • Percutaneous • Pericardial • pharmacology • shock • statins • therapies • therapy • transoesophageal • transthoracic • Valves • Valvular • X-Ray
• ISBN-10: 1-118-75536-7 / 1118755367
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-75536-5 / 9781118755365