Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-74248-8 (ISBN)
- Fully updated, with new chapters on the assessment of the post-Fontan procedure patient and on pregnancy and heart disease
- Each lesion chapter includes new section highlighting the key elements of the echocardiogram(s)
- Written by experts from the leading centers around the world, with numerous new authors
- Revision emphasizes new technologies and quality of images
- Comprehensive content contains overview of ultrasound physics, discussion of laboratory set-up, protocol for a standard pediatric echocardiogram and quantitative methods of echocardiographic evaluation, including assessment of diastolic function
- Also includes special techniques and topics including 3D echocardiography, intraoperative echocardiography, and fetal echocardiography
Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH
Professor of Pediatrics at CUMC
Columbia University Medical Center;
Director, Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian
New York, NY, USA
Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD
Section Head, Echocardiography
The Hospital for Sick Children;
Professor of Pediatrics
The University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada
Meryl S. Cohen, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Medical Director, Echocardiography
Program Director, Cardiology Fellowship
The Cardiac Center
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Tal Geva, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School;
Chief, Division of Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging
Department of Cardiology
Boston Children's Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
This comprehensive textbook on the echocardiographic assessment of pediatric and congenital heart disease has been updated for a second edition with an emphasis on new technologies. This highly-illustrated full-color reference contains over 1200 figures, and offers over 600 video clips on a companion website. Fully updated, with new chapters on the assessment of the post-Fontan procedure patient and on pregnancy and heart disease Each lesion chapter includes new section highlighting the key elements of the echocardiogram(s) Written by experts from the leading centers around the world, with numerous new authors Revision emphasizes new technologies and quality of images Comprehensive content contains overview of ultrasound physics, discussion of laboratory set-up, protocol for a standard pediatric echocardiogram and quantitative methods of echocardiographic evaluation, including assessment of diastolic function Also includes special techniques and topics including 3D echocardiography, intraoperative echocardiography, and fetal echocardiography
Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics at CUMC Columbia University Medical Center; Director, Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian New York, NY, USA Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD Section Head, Echocardiography The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor of Pediatrics The University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada Meryl S. Cohen, MD Professor of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Director, Echocardiography Program Director, Cardiology Fellowship The Cardiac Center The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA Tal Geva, MD Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging Department of Cardiology Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease 3
Dedications 4
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Preface 13
About the Companion Website 14
PART I Introduction to Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging 15
1 Ultrasound Physics 17
Physics and technology of echocardiography 17
How the ultrasound image is created 17
Image artifacts 21
Ultrasound technology and image characteristics 23
Ultrasound technology 23
Image resolution 24
Doppler imaging 26
Continuous-wave Doppler 26
Optimization of CW Doppler 27
Pulsed-wave Doppler 27
Aliasing 29
Velocity resolution 29
Optimizing PW Doppler signals 30
Color flow imaging 30
Optimizing color Doppler imaging 31
Myocardial velocity imaging 31
References 32
2 Instrumentation, Patient Preparation, and Patient Safety 33
Introduction 33
Structure and organization 33
Personnel and supervision 33
Facility 34
Scheduling 36
Storage 36
Patient preparation and safety 37
Sedation 37
Examinations and procedures 38
Transthoracic echocardiography 38
Transesophageal echocardiography 38
Fetal echocardiography 38
Intracardiac echocardiography 40
Research protocols 41
Telemedicine 41
Indications/reporting/billing 41
IAC accreditation 42
Quality improvement 42
References 43
3 Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease 45
Segmental analysis of congenital heart disease 45
Step-by-step segmental analysis 46
Conclusion 56
References 56
4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram 58
Examination principles 58
Standard orthogonal imaging views 59
Subxiphoid (subcostal) views 60
Apical views 63
Parasternal (left parasternal) views 64
Suprasternal notch views 67
Right parasternal views 69
Additional or supplemental imaging views 69
Right anterior oblique view 69
Left anterior oblique view 69
“Flank” views 70
Measurements 70
Reporting 72
Videos 73
References 73
PART II Quantitative Methods 75
5 Structural Measurements and Adjustments for Growth 77
Introduction 77
Allometric modeling 77
The fallacy of indexing for BSA: the so-called “per-BSA method” 78
Alternative “indexing” methods 79
Z-score methods 80
Choice of normalizing variable 81
Heteroscedasticity 82
Parametric versus statistical derivation of z-scores 82
Physiologic principles underlying cardiovascular dimensions 83
The principle of minimum work 83
Adjustment of ventricular size for somatic growth 84
Conclusion 84
References 84
6 Hemodynamic Measurements 87
Introduction 87
Blood flow and its assessment by Doppler echocardiography 87
The Doppler insonation angle 87
Blood flow profiles 87
The Coanda effect 89
Characteristics of flow through a narrow orifice, the vena contracta, and the phenomenon of pressure recovery 89
Quantification of blood flow and the measurement of cardiac output 90
Estimation of pressure gradients and the Bernoulli equation 93
Differences in catheter and Doppler measured pressure gradients 96
Assessment of valvar stenosis and regurgitation in clinical practice 97
Assessment of native valvar stenosis 97
Assessment of native valvar regurgitation 98
Hemodynamic assessment of flow through prosthetic valves 102
Acknowledgment 107
Videos 107
References 108
7 Systolic Ventricular Function 110
Introduction 110
The mechanics of cardiac systolic function 110
Fiber organization and wall mechanics 110
Cardiac function at the ventricular level 111
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic function 112
Systolic function derived from dimensional changes 113
LV dimensions and shape representing LV remodeling 113
Dimensional changes in systole representing LV performance 113
Longitudinal LV function 118
Correcting dimensional changes for afterload 119
Blood pool Doppler indices of ventricular function 119
Tissue Doppler imaging for the evaluation of left ventricular myocardial function 122
Clinical use of tissue Doppler velocities for the assessment of systolic function 124
Use of tissue Doppler velocities in children 124
Deformation imaging in pediatric and congenital heart disease 125
Clinical applications in children 128
Clinical applications of myocardial deformation imaging in the assessment of LV function 128
Quantification of regional left ventricular function 128
Detection of early myocardial dysfunction 129
Detection of mechanical dyssynchrony 130
Summary: Echocardiographic assessment of LV function in practice 131
The echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function 132
RV functional parameters 134
RV functional parameters from dimension changes 134
Doppler indices: the myocardial performance index 135
Tissue Doppler and myocardial deformation imaging 135
Right ventricular dyssynchrony and ventricular–ventricular interactions 138
Summary: Echocardiographic assessment of RV function 139
Conclusion 139
Videos 139
References 139
Appendix: The Functional Protocol at The Hospital for Sick Children 144
8 Diastolic Ventricular Function Assessment 146
Introduction 146
Definition and physiology of diastole 146
Echocardiographic techniques for assessing diastolic function 147
Doppler echocardiography 147
Tissue Doppler Imaging 149
Color M-mode flow propagation 151
Myocardial deformation imaging 151
Diastolic disease 153
Patterns of diastolic dysfunction 153
Diastolic function in pediatric patients without heart disease 157
Age-related changes in diastolic filling 157
Diastolic disease in pediatric patients with primary myocardial disease 159
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 159
Dilated cardiomyopathy 159
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 160
Pediatric patients with acquired heart disease/systemic disease states 160
Left ventricular hypertrophy 160
Chronic renal disease 161
Obesity 161
Type 1 diabetes mellitus 161
Obstructive sleep apnea 162
Anthracycline cardiotoxicity 162
Pediatric patients with congenital heart disease 162
Tetralogy of Fallot 162
Single ventricle physiology 163
Strategy for the echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in children 163
Conclusions 164
References 164
PART III Anomalies of the Systemic and Pulmonary Veins, Septa, and Atrioventricular Junction 169
9 Pulmonary Venous Anomalies 171
Definition 171
Incidence 171
Etiology 171
Morphology and classification 171
Developmental considerations 171
Anatomy 172
Pathophysiology 174
Imaging 176
Goals of the examination 176
Imaging of abnormal number of pulmonary veins 176
Imaging of normal pulmonary vein connections with anomalous drainage 177
Imaging of pulmonary vein stenosis 178
Imaging of cor triatriatum 179
Imaging of PAPVC 180
Imaging of TAPVC 182
Prenatal assessment 187
Imaging of the adult 188
Echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter and surgical treatment 189
Postoperative assessment 190
Videos 191
References 192
10 Systemic Venous Anomalies 194
Introduction 194
Prevalence 194
Etiology and embryology 194
SVC and coronary sinus 195
IVC and hepatic veins 195
Superior vena caval anomalies 196
Left SVC to the coronary sinus (bilateral SVC) 196
Left SVC to the coronary sinus with an atretic right SVC 198
Left SVC to the left atrium 198
Levoatrial cardinal vein 199
Right SVC to the left atrium or to both atria 200
Other SVC anomalies 200
Inferior vena caval anomalies 201
Interrupted IVC with azygos/hemiazygos continuation 201
Bilateral IVCs (duplication of the IVC) 203
Left IVC to the right atrium (absent right IVC) 203
Right IVC to the left atrium 203
Hepatic vein anomalies 203
Coronary sinus anomalies 204
Dilated coronary sinus 204
Coronary sinus ostium atresia or stenosis 205
Other coronary sinus anomalies 205
Innominate vein anomalies 205
Retroaortic innominate vein 206
Other innominate vein anomalies 206
Videos 206
References 207
11 Anomalies of the Atrial Septum 211
Definition 211
Incidence 211
Etiology 211
Morphology and classification 211
Developmental considerations 211
Anatomy 212
Pathophysiology 216
Imaging 216
Key elements 216
Prenatal assessment 221
Imaging of the adult 221
Echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter ASD closure 221
Intraoperative assessment 223
Follow-up assessment 224
Videos 224
References 226
12 Ventricular Septal Defects 229
Definition 229
Incidence 229
Etiology 229
Morphology and classification 229
Development 229
Anatomy 230
Pathophysiology 234
Left-to-right shunt 234
Alteration of pulmonary vascular resistance 234
Associated defects 235
Imaging 235
Key elements 235
Transthoracic imaging 235
Prenatal assessment 240
Imaging of the adult 240
Preoperative/intraoperative imaging 241
Echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter VSD closure 241
Postoperative assessment 242
Acknowledgment 242
Videos 242
References 243
13 Ebstein Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Right Atrial Anomalies 245
Introduction and incidence 245
Morphology and development 245
Pathophysiology 246
Clinical presentation 247
Associated features with Ebstein anomaly 248
Imaging 248
Echocardiographic features of Ebstein anomaly 248
Impact of echocardiography on tricuspid valve repair 251
Key elements 253
Tricuspid valve dysplasia 253
Systemic venous valves and right atrial anomalies 254
Eustachian valve 254
Thebesian valve 254
Chiari network 254
Cor triatriatum dextrum 254
Videos 254
References 255
14 Mitral Valve and Left Atrial Anomalies 257
Definitions 257
Incidence 257
Etiology 257
Morphology and classification 258
Developmental considerations 258
Anatomy 258
Pathophysiology 261
Imaging 261
Key elements 261
Prenatal assessment 267
Echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter and surgical treatment 268
Imaging of the adult and postoperative assessment 268
Videos 269
References 269
15 Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects 273
Definition 273
Incidence 273
Etiology 273
Morphology and classification 273
Developmental considerations 273
Anatomy 274
Pathophysiology 278
Imaging 278
Key elements 279
Transthoracic imaging 279
Prenatal assessment 283
Imaging of the adult 284
Intraoperative assessment 285
Three-dimensional assessment 286
Follow-up assessment 286
Acknowledgments 289
Videos 289
References 291
PART IV Anomalies of the Ventriculo-arterial Junction and Great Arteries 293
16 Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve 295
Malformation of the pulmonary valve 295
Incidence of pulmonary valve stenosis 295
Morphology and classification 295
Pathophysiology 295
Imaging 297
Subpulmonary stenosis, including double-chambered right ventricle 301
Morphology and classification 302
Pathophysiology 302
Imaging 302
Absent pulmonary valve with intact ventricular septum 304
Pathophysiology 305
Imaging 305
Main pulmonary artery stenosis 306
Imaging 306
Videos 307
References 307
17 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 311
Definition 311
Historical background 311
Incidence 311
Etiology 311
Morphology 312
Pulmonary atresia with RV hypoplasia 312
Pulmonary valve and arteries 313
Pulmonary atresia with RV dilation 314
Associated structural heart disease 315
Pathophysiology 315
Preoperative 315
Postoperative 316
Treatment 316
Prenatal 316
PA/IVS with RV hypoplasia 316
PA/IVS with RV dilation 316
Imaging 316
Prenatal assessment 317
Preoperative imaging 318
Intraoperative imaging 321
Postoperative imaging 322
Videos 325
References 326
18 Abnormalities of the Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Arteries 331
Abnormalities of the ductus arteriosus 331
Definition 331
Incidence 331
Etiology 331
Morphology 331
Pathophysiology 331
Imaging 333
Abnormalities of the pulmonary arteries 339
Definition 339
Morphology 339
Congenital branch pulmonary artery stenosis 340
Origin of branch pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta 341
Crossed pulmonary arteries 341
Imaging 342
Crossed pulmonary arteries 344
Videos 347
References 347
19 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Aortic Valve 350
Definitions 350
Incidence 350
Etiology 350
Subaortic stenosis 351
Morphology and classification 351
Pathophysiology 352
Imaging 352
Aortic valve stenosis 354
Morphology 354
Pathophysiology 354
Imaging 355
Echocardiographic evaluation before, during and after intervention for aortic valve stenosis 357
Aortic valve stenosis in the fetus 358
Supravalvar aortic stenosis 359
Morphology 359
Pathophysiology 359
Imaging 359
Bicuspid (bicommissural) aortic valve 361
Morphology 361
Imaging 361
Aortic cusp prolapse 361
Morphology 361
Imaging 362
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm 362
Morphology 362
Imaging 363
Aortico–left ventricular tunnel 364
Morphology 364
Imaging 366
False tendons 367
Acknowledgement 367
Videos 367
References 368
20 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 371
Definition 371
Incidence and associated anomalies 371
Etiology 371
Morphology and classification 372
Types 372
Anatomy 372
Pathophysiology 375
Management 375
Imaging 377
Goals of the initial evaluation 377
Preoperative imaging 377
Prenatal assessment 380
Postoperative assessment 384
Videos 392
References 393
21 Aortic Arch Anomalies: Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch 396
Coarctation of the aorta 396
Definition 396
Incidence 396
Etiology 396
Morphology and classification 396
Pathophysiology 397
Imaging 398
Prenatal assessment 404
Interrupted aortic arch 406
Definition 406
Incidence 406
Etiology 408
Morphology and classification 408
Pathophysiology 411
Imaging 411
Acknowledgment 416
Videos 416
References 418
22 Tetralogy of Fallot 421
Definition 421
Incidence 421
Embryology, genetics, and environmental factors 421
Embryology 421
Genetics 421
Environmental factors 422
Recurrence risk 422
Morphology 422
The conotruncus in TOF 422
Ventricular septal defect morphology 423
Coronary arteries 424
Variants and associated lesions 425
Imaging 430
Preoperative echocardiographic assessment 430
Organization of preoperative anatomic assessment 430
Preoperative assessment by structures 432
Intraoperative and postoperative assessment after TOF repair 434
Adults with TOF 434
Repaired TOF 434
Prenatal assessment 437
Videos 440
References 441
23 Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window 447
Truncus arteriosus 447
Definition 447
Incidence 447
Etiology 447
Morphology and classification 448
Morphology 448
Pathophysiology 449
Management 450
Echocardiographic imaging 450
Ancillary imaging modalities 454
Follow-up 454
Aortopulmonary window 454
Definition, incidence, morphology, and pathophysiology 454
Echocardiographic imaging 455
Videos 457
References 457
24 Transposition of the Great Arteries 460
Definition 460
Incidence 460
Etiology 460
Morphology and classification 460
Developmental considerations 460
Anatomy 461
Pathophysiology 463
Imaging 465
Key elements 465
Imaging of TGA with intact ventricular septum 465
Imaging of TGA with VSD 467
Imaging of coronary arteries 469
Imaging of the PDA (arterial duct) 471
Prenatal assessment 471
Balloon atrial septostomy 471
Intraoperative assessment 472
Follow-up assessment 473
Imaging in the adult 475
Videos 476
References 477
25 Double-Outlet Ventricle 480
Introduction 480
Double-outlet right ventricle 480
Definition 480
Historical perspective 480
Incidence 481
Etiology 481
Morphology and classification 481
Anatomy 482
Pathophysiology 488
Imaging 489
Double-outlet left ventricle 496
Definition 496
Historical perspective 496
Incidence 496
Etiology 496
Morphology and classification 497
Pathophysiology 498
Imaging 498
Videos 498
References 499
26 Physiologically “Corrected” Transposition of the Great Arteries 503
Definition 503
Incidence 503
Developmental considerations and etiology 503
Morphology and classification 503
Common nomenclature 503
Anatomy 504
Pathophysiology 508
Imaging 511
Key elements 511
Transthoracic imaging 511
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 514
Imaging of the fetus 515
Imaging the adult 515
Perioperative assessment 517
Pulmonary artery banding 517
Follow-up 517
Acknowledgement 517
Videos 518
References 519
PART V Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Lesions 523
27 Hearts with Functionally One Ventricle 525
Introduction 525
Etiology 525
Embryologic development 525
Double-inlet left ventricle 526
Embryologic development 526
Anatomy 526
Physiology 529
Treatment strategies 530
Double-inlet right ventricle 532
Embryologic development 532
Anatomy 532
Physiology 533
Treatment strategies 534
Tricuspid atresia (TA) 534
Embryologic development 534
Anatomy 535
Physiology 538
Treatment strategies 540
Superior-inferior ventricles and criss-cross heart 540
Embryologic development 540
Anatomy 542
Treatment strategies 545
Imaging of hearts with functionally one ventricle 545
Videos 551
References 552
28 Echocardiographic Assessment of Functionally Single Ventricles after the Fontan Operation 555
Introduction 555
The Fontan circulation 555
The functional single ventricle in a Fontan circulation 556
Ventricular dimensions and wall thickness 556
Effect of loading changes on parameters of systolic function 557
Diastolic function of the single ventricle 558
The pulmonary circulation limits cardiac output after the Fontan operation 558
Fontan modifications 559
Current strategy towards a Fontan circulation 559
Echocardiographic assessment of the Fontan circulation 560
Goals of imaging 560
Assessment of Fontan connections, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins 560
Assessment of atrioventicular valve function 562
Assessment of outflow tracts, ascending aorta, and aortic arch 564
Assessment of single ventricular function 565
Diastolic performance 568
Conclusion 569
Videos 569
References 569
29 Cardiac Malpositions and Heterotaxy Syndrome 572
Cardiac malpositions 572
Definitions 572
Incidences 573
Etiology 573
Morphology and classification 573
Anatomy 573
Pathophysiology 574
Imaging 574
Heterotaxy syndrome 577
Definitions 577
Incidence 579
Etiology 579
Morphology and classification 579
Anatomy 580
Pathophysiology 585
Imaging 587
Videos 594
References 594
30 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 598
Definition 598
Developmental considerations 598
Normal coronary anatomy 598
The left coronary artery 598
The right coronary artery 599
Physiology 599
Echocardiographic features pertinent to all anomalies 601
Goals of the examination and transthoracic imaging 601
Prenatal assessment 601
Imaging of the adult and alternative imaging techniques 602
Congenital coronary artery anomalies 603
Minor variations in coronary artery anatomy 604
Anomalies of coronary arterial origin 605
Anomalies of coronary artery course or distribution and anomalies intrinsic to the artery 615
Anomalies of coronary artery termination 616
Coronary artery anomalies associated with congenital heart disease 618
Videos 618
References 619
31 Vascular Rings and Slings 623
Introduction 623
Vascular rings 623
Definition 623
Incidence 623
Etiology 623
Morphology and classification 623
Pathophysiology 627
Imaging 627
Pulmonary artery sling 632
Definition 632
Incidence 632
Etiology 632
Morphology and classification 633
Pathophysiology 633
Imaging 633
Innominate artery compression syndrome 634
Definition and etiology 634
Pathophysiology 634
Imaging 634
Videos 634
References 636
32 Connective Tissue Disorders 638
Introduction 638
Definition of connective tissue disorders 638
Cardiovascular lesions 641
Marfan syndrome 641
Other syndromic heritable thoracic aortic disorders 646
Vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) 647
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) 648
Smooth muscle cell dysfunction syndrome 648
Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome 648
Aortic aneurysms with cutis laxa 648
Nonsyndromic H-TAD 648
Conclusion 650
Videos 650
References 650
33 Cardiac Tumors 655
Introduction 655
Incidence 655
Rhabdomyoma 655
Classification 655
Echocardiography 655
Clinical course 657
Fibroma 657
Classification 657
Echocardiography 657
Clinical course 658
Teratoma 659
Classification 659
Echocardiography 659
Clinical course 659
Myxoma 660
Classification 660
Echocardiography 660
Clinical course 660
Hemangioma 660
Classification 660
Echocardiography 660
Clinical course 661
Malignant cardiac tumors 661
Echocardiography 661
Association with syndromes 661
Videos 662
References 663
PART VI Anomalies of Ventricular Myocardium 665
34 Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Heart Transplantation 667
Introduction 667
Dilated cardiomyopathy 667
Definition 667
Incidence 667
Etiology 667
Pathophysiology 668
Treatment and outcome 668
Myocarditis 669
Definition 669
Incidence 669
Etiology 669
Pathophysiology 669
Treatment and outcome 670
Heart transplantation 670
Imaging 670
Goals of imaging 670
Other imaging modalities 675
Special imaging considerations 677
Conclusion 686
Videos 686
References 686
35 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 691
Introduction 691
HCM prevalence, etiology and genetics 691
Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 691
Secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 691
Anatomy 692
Pathophysiology 692
Diagnosis 692
Clinical manifestations 692
Differential diagnosis 693
Athletes heart 693
Family screening and preclinical diagnosis 693
Echocardiographic evaluation of HCM 693
Key elements 693
M-mode and 2D echocardiography 694
Assessment of diastolic function 694
Mitral valve function 695
Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) assessment 697
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) 698
Assessment of systolic performance 698
Myocardial deformation imaging 699
Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography 700
Prognostic factors in children with HCM 700
Stress echocardiography in HCM 700
Echocardiography in the management of HCM 701
Surgical myomectomy and septal catheter ablation 701
Videos 703
References 704
36 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Disease 708
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 708
Pericardial diseases 717
Constrictive pericarditis 717
Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade 723
Acute pericarditis 727
Miscellaneous diseases of the pericardium 728
Videos 729
References 730
37 Other Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium 733
Introduction 733
Left ventricular noncompaction 733
Definition 733
Incidence 733
Etiology 733
Developmental considerations 734
Clinical manifestations 734
Morphology 734
Classification 735
Imaging 735
Congenital left ventricular aneurysm and diverticulum 736
Definition 736
Incidence 736
Etiology 737
Clinical manifestations 737
Morphology 739
Imaging 740
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia 741
Definition 741
Incidence 743
Etiology 743
Morphology 743
Clinical manifestations 743
Imaging 743
Videos 747
References 747
PART VII Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease 751
38 Kawasaki Disease 753
Introduction 753
Definition 753
Incidence 753
Etiology 753
Pathophysiology 753
Imaging 754
Key elements 754
General principles 754
Consensus recommendations for echocardiographic imaging in Kawasaki disease 754
General principles for coronary artery assessment 754
Characterization of coronary artery abnormalities 757
Valvar dysfunction 759
Myocardial involvement 759
Pericardial involvement 759
Assessment of coronary perfusion by echocardiography 760
Alternative imaging modalities in Kawasaki disease 760
Acknowledgment 760
Videos 761
References 761
39 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 764
Introduction 764
Epidemiology 764
Pathophysiology 764
Diagnostic criteria for rheumatic fever 765
Clinical course of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease 765
Imaging 765
Key elements 765
Acute rheumatic heart disease 766
Chronic rheumatic heart disease 768
Monitoring disease progression and resolution 769
Valvar intervention 770
3D echocardiography 773
Secondary prophylaxis 773
Screening 773
Videos 774
References 774
40 Infective Endocarditis 777
Definition 777
Incidence 777
Etiology and pathogenesis 778
Morphology and classification 779
Pathophysiology 781
Imaging 783
Key elements 783
Transthoracic versus transesophageal imaging 783
Imaging of the adult 784
Preoperative assessment 784
Echocardiographic guidance of surgical treatment and postoperative assessment 785
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis 785
Videos 786
References 786
PART VIII Special Techniques and Topics 789
41 Transesophageal and Intraoperative Echocardiography 791
Introduction 791
Patient considerations 791
Available TEE probes and technical considerations 792
Standard transesophageal views 792
Mid-esophageal view, 0 degrees 793
Mid-esophageal view, 30 degrees 794
Mid-esophageal view, 60 degrees 795
Mid-esophageal view, 90 degrees 795
Mid-esophageal view, 120 degrees 796
Transgastric views 796
Transesophageal assessment for and guidance of interventional procedures 797
Atrial septal defect 797
Other catheter interventions 799
Intraoperative imaging 799
Epicardial echocardiography 799
Intraoperative TEE 800
Target lesions for transesophageal echocardiography in CHD 800
Three-dimensional TEE to assist surgical procedures 801
Conclusion 801
Videos 801
References 802
42 3D Echocardiography 805
A short history of 3D echocardiography 805
Current clinical applications of 3D echocardiography 805
3D TTE and congenital heart disease 805
3D TTE and LV function 805
3D TTE and RV function 805
3D TEE and valve function 806
How to do a 3D echo? 806
Image optimization at the time of acquisition 806
Image rendering 807
Volumetric quantification 807
Real-time 3D echocardiography for left ventricular function analysis 807
Quantification of left ventricular mass 809
Three-dimensional deformation imaging 809
Quantitative assessment of right ventricular size and function 809
Valve morphology and function 812
Congenital heart disease 813
Atrial septal defect 813
Ventricular septal defects 814
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) 815
Tricuspid valve anomalies and Ebstein anomaly 817
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) 819
Tetralogy of Fallot 820
Real-time 3D echo in other congenital cardiac malformations 820
Future applications 822
Videos 823
References 825
43 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 829
Introduction 829
Physiologic hemodynamic changes in pregnancy and delivery 829
Normal echocardiographic changes with pregnancy 830
Echocardiographic changes in women with heart disease during pregnancy 832
Risk stratification for women with congenital heart disease 832
Specific congenital heart lesions 833
Specific repaired congenital heart lesions 835
Valvar heart disease 836
Specific cardiac conditions 840
Specific management issues 841
Videos 843
References 845
44 Fetal Echocardiography 848
Indications and timing of fetal echocardiography 848
Technical considerations 849
The screening fetal echocardiogram 849
Two-dimensional imaging 850
Doppler interrogation 856
Fetal heart function 857
Fetal rhythm assessment 859
Fetal cardiovascular pathology 859
Fetal structural heart disease 859
Fetal heart failure 864
Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias 867
Evolving and future directions in fetal echocardiography 868
First trimester fetal echocardiography 869
3D and 4D fetal echocardiography 869
Videos 874
References 878
45 The Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 886
Introduction 886
Definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension 886
Techniques and pitfalls of assessing the pediatric patient with suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension 887
Echocardiographic techniques to evaluate the pulmonary vascular bed 887
Tricuspid valve regurgitation 887
Pulmonary regurgitation for pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure 888
Interventricular septal shape 888
Systolic time intervals 889
Tricuspid and pulmonary valve time intervals 889
Ventricular septal defect and right ventricular systolic pressure measurement 889
Patent arterial duct and pulmonary artery pressure measurement 891
Measurement of pulmonary artery pressure from systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts 892
Measurements of pulmonary artery capacitance by Doppler 892
Pulmonary arterial compliance and Doppler 893
The impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension on the right ventricle 893
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 893
Myocardial performance index (Tei index) 893
The use of tissue Doppler and strain imaging in pulmonary hypertension 894
Pericardial effusion 894
The impact of pulmonary hypertension on the left ventricle 894
References 895
APPENDIX: Normal Echocardiographic Values for Cardiovascular Structures 897
References 915
Index 917
EULA 929
"The book fulfills its purpose by providing broad knowledge and practical insights into all aspects of the use of echocardiography in patients with congenital and acquired pediatric heart disease." (Doody Enterprises, 2016)
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.11.2015 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Kardiologie / Angiologie | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Onkologie | |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Sonographie / Echokardiographie | |
| Schlagworte | Bildgebende Verfahren f. Herz- u. GefäÃuntersuchung • Bildgebende Verfahren f. Herz- u. Gefäßuntersuchung • Cardiovascular Disease • cardiovascular imaging • Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Wyman Lai, Luc Mertens, Meryl Cohen, Tal Geva, Echocardiography, pediatric and congenital heart disease, post-Fontan patient, pregnancy and heart disease, ultrasound physics, laboratory set-up, pediatric echocardiogram, echocardiographic evaluation, diastolic function, 3D echocardiography, intraoperative echocardiography, fetal echocardiography, pediatric echocardiography, congenital heart disease, cardiac ultrasound • Echokardiographie • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung • Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen • Medical Science • Medizin • Radiologie u. Bildgebende Verfahren • Radiology & Imaging |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-74248-6 / 1118742486 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-74248-8 / 9781118742488 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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