Fundamentals of Midwifery (eBook)
983 Seiten
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-52807-5 (ISBN)
Fundamentals of Midwifery: A Textbook for Students makes the subject of midwifery accessible, informative and motivating, ensuring that it is an essential text for the aspiring midwife!
This resource brings together knowledge from a collection of clinical experts and experienced academics to support your learning and prepare you for the challenges faced in contemporary midwifery healthcare. It presents you with the 'must-have' information that you need concerning both the theoretical and practical aspects of what it means to be a midwife. With extensive full colour illustrations throughout, as well as activities and scenarios, this user-friendly textbook will support you throughout your entire education programme. Fundamentals of Midwifery is essential reading for all pre-registration student midwives, as well as newly qualified midwives.
KEY FEATURES:
• Broad and comprehensive in scope, with chapters on: team working; antenatal care, intrapartum and postnatal care; infant feeding; public health and health promotion; perinatal mental health; complementary therapies; pharmacology and medicines management; and emergencies.
• Interactive and student-friendly in approach, with activities throughout.
• Brings together professional and clinical topics in one user-friendly book.
• Ties in with the latest NMC Standards for pre-registration midwifery education.
• Supported by an online resource centre featuring interactive multiple-choice questions, additional scenarios and activities, and links to further reading.
ABOUT THE EDITOR Louise Lewis is a Lecturer in Midwifery in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of Hull.
ABOUT THE EDITOR Louise Lewis is a Lecturer in Midwifery in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of Hull.
About the series xii
Contributors xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xvii
How to use your textbook xviii
About the companion website xxii
Chapter 1 To be a midwife 1
Nicky Clark and Carol Paeglis
Introduction 1
The professional status and regulation of midwifery 2
The NMC 2
European Union 3
The International Confederation of Midwives 6
Key midwifery concepts 6
Interpersonal skills and attributes 7
Professional expectations 9
Life as a student midwife 9
The programme 10
The statutory supervision of midwives 12
Raising and escalating concerns 13
Quality assurance 13
Student support 14
Health screening 14
Criminal record 15
Life as a midwife 16
Career routes 16
Conclusion 16
End of chapter activities 17
Glossary of terms 19
References 20
Chapter 2 Team working 22
Mary Beadle and Sue Townend
Introduction 22
Woman-centred care 23
Effective team working 23
What is a team? 24
Leadership 25
Management 25
Communication 28
Collaboration 29
Power dynamics 31
Regulation 32
Escalating concerns 33
Team player 34
Conclusion 35
End of chapter activities 36
Glossary of terms 38
References 38
Chapter 3 Sociology applied to maternity care 42
Mary Beadle and Sarah Wise
Introduction 42
Overview of sociological perspectives 42
Definition of society 43
Domestic abuse 46
Poverty 47
Gender and sexuality 49
Ethnicity and race 51
Disability 52
Health and wellbeing 53
Conclusion 56
End of chapter activities 56
Glossary of terms 58
References 58
Chapter 4 Psychology applied to maternity care 61
Julie Jomeen and Lynda Bateman
Introduction 61
Defining psychology 62
Theories of psychology 62
Psychology and public health in maternity care 64
Health beliefs and behaviours 65
Social cognition models 66
Emotions across the childbearing experience 68
Birth 70
Postnatal considerations 71
Women and midwives: relationships and communication 74
Initiating, building and maintaining relationships 76
Bonding and attachment 78
Conclusion 82
End of chapter activities 82
Glossary of terms 84
References 84
Chapter 5 Parenthood 90
Olanma Ogbuehi and Jacqui Powell
Introduction 90
Parenthood 91
Genetic, biological and social parents 95
Conception across the lifespan 102
Disability and parenting 109
Parenting styles and expert advice 110
Conclusion 112
End of chapter activities 113
Glossary of terms 114
References 115
Chapter 6 Antenatal midwifery care 120
Julie Flint and Carol Lambert
Introduction 120
National policy on care provision in the United Kingdom 121
Individualised care of a woman 123
Being pregnant 124
Booking for care 125
Fetal health screening and monitoring 126
Inherited factors and disorders 127
Routine care for all pregnant women 128
Body changes 129
Deviations from normality 129
Wellbeing 129
Women's self-identity and decision-making about care 131
Midwife-woman relationship for decision-making 133
Influencing women in their decision-making 133
Birth preparation and parent education 134
Conclusion 135
End of chapter activities 136
Glossary of terms 137
References 139
Chapter 7 Intrapartum midwifery care 142
Julie Flint and Sue Townend
Introduction 142
Facilitating and maintaining normality in childbirth 143
Place of birth 145
Birth preparation for coping with labour 145
Onset, process and progress of labour 146
Care and compassion 152
Birth partners 153
Assisting the normal physiological process 154
Outside the parameters of normality 154
Pain management in labour 154
Midwifery craftsmanship 155
Medical intervention 156
Meeting the baby 157
Third stage management 157
Perineal care 158
Decision-making 159
Conclusion 159
End of chapter activities 161
Glossary of terms 162
References 163
Chapter 8 Postnatal midwifery care 166
Louise Lewis and Lisa Lachanudis
Introduction 166
The history of postnatal care 167
Anatomy and physiology of the puerperium 168
Immediate postnatal period 171
Venous thromboembolism 172
Changes to postnatal care 173
Physiological maternal morbidity 174
Quality standards infl uencing postnatal care provision 175
A time-honoured tradition or a dying art? 175
Care and compassion: promoting a healthy psychological adaptation to motherhood 176
Engaging fathers 177
Safeguarding vulnerable adults and babies 178
Where to get help 181
Reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome 181
Postnatal exercise advice for new mothers 182
Other responsibilities of the midwife in the postnatal period 182
Conclusion 183
End of chapter activities 183
Glossary of terms 184
References 185
Chapter 9 Care of the newborn 188
Liz Smith and Brenda Waite
Introduction 188
Transition to extra-uterine life 188
Fetal circulation 189
Apgar scoring 189
Basic resuscitation of the newborn 192
Immediate care of the newborn 193
Maintaining health in the fi rst few days of life 195
Skin care and hygiene of the newborn 197
Jaundice 199
Neonatal screening 202
Advice for parents 203
Detailed neonatal examination by the midwife 204
Conclusion 206
End of chapter activities 206
Glossary of terms 207
References 208
Chapter 10 Infant feeding 210
Louise Lewis and Liz Mason
Introduction 210
Why breastfeeding is important 211
The way breastfeeding works 213
Supporting effective infant feeding 217
Biological nurturing - a different breastfeeding approach 221
Getting enough milk 222
Reasons for expressing breastmilk 224
Identifying and managing common breastfeeding problems 228
When breastfeeding is not recommended 229
Supporting mothers to formula feed 230
Conclusion 231
End of chapter activities 231
Glossary of terms 233
References 234
Chapter 11 Public health and health promotion 237
Olanma Ogbuehi, Fiona Robinson and Catriona Jones
Introduction 237
The concept and definition of health 238
Epidemiology 240
Demography 241
Conception rates 241
Fertility rates 241
Birth and death statistics 241
Domains of public health 243
Health improvement: the midwife and health promotion 244
Health surveillance 245
Improving health services through clinical audit: confidential enquiries into maternal and child health 245
Health inequalities 246
Determinants of health 247
Guidance for public health 248
Revisiting the midwife's role in public health 249
Domestic abuse 256
Conclusion 257
End of chapter activities 259
Glossary of terms 260
References 261
Chapter 12 Contraception and family planning 266
Liz Smith and Sarah Wise
Introduction 266
What is meant by 'family planning'? 266
Appropriate timing of advice 267
Psychosexual issues 268
Cultural aspects 268
Providing advice 268
Methods of contraception 270
Further advice and treatment 277
Conclusion 277
End of chapter activities 278
Glossary of terms 279
References 280
Chapter 13 Perinatal mental health 281
Julie Jomeen and Nicky Clark
Introduction 281
The importance of mental health in a maternity context 282
Putting PMI into perspective 282
Identification and assessment 285
Identifying risk factors 285
Antenatal, postnatal or a continuum 286
Prevalence and incidence 287
Categories of PMI 288
Serious mental illness (SMI) 293
Care provision 294
Conclusion 295
End of chapter activities 296
Glossary of terms 297
References 298
Chapter 14 Complementary and alternative medicines applied to maternity care 302
Catriona Jones and Jane Marsh
Introduction 302
Definition of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) 303
The field of CAM 304
Why is CAM important to know about? 307
The CAM philosophy 309
The growth of interest in CAM 309
CAM and patient satisfaction 310
Women, midwifery and CAM 311
Promoting normality and reducing unnecessary intervention 312
Evidence for the safety and efficacy of CAM 313
The role of the midwife in CAM administration 315
Regulation 316
Conclusion 317
End of chapter activities 318
Glossary of terms 319
References 320
Chapter 15 Pharmacology and medicines management 323
Mary Beadle and Andrea Hilton
Introduction 323
Medicines management 324
Pharmacology 328
Monographs 333
Numeracy 337
Conclusion 340
End of chapter activities 341
Glossary of terms 343
References 344
Chapter 16 Emergencies in midwifery 346
Liz Smith and Brenda Waite
Introduction 346
Assessment 347
Shock 347
Maternal resuscitation 350
Basic life support 351
Antepartum haemorrhage 354
Postpartum haemorrhage 356
Obstetric interventions 359
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 360
Shoulder dystocia 363
Thromboembolism 366
Conclusion 368
End of chapter activities 369
Glossary of terms 370
References 371
Chapter 17 Bereavement and loss 373
Liz Smith and Brenda Waite
Introduction 373
Terminology 373
Theories 374
Communication 376
Culture and religion 377
Care around the time of death 378
Care following loss 379
Midwifery care 380
Maternal death 382
Peer support for midwives 383
Support groups 383
Conclusion 384
Glossary of terms 385
End of chapter activities 386
References 386
Answers 387
Index 402
Chapter 1
To Be a Midwife
Nicky Clark
University of Hull, Hull, UK
Carol Paeglis
Former Supervisor of Midwives and Local Supervising Authority Midwifery Officer, Yorkshire and the Humber, UK
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:
- understand how midwifery has evolved as a profession
- examine how midwifery as a profession is regulated in the united kingdom
- identify the support processes available to student midwives undertaking a pre-registration midwifery programme
- be cognisant of the demands working within the midwifery profession
- identify factors that can facilitate successful course completion.
Introduction
Midwifery is a dynamic profession that is responsive to change. In recent years, the social, economic and technological forces have altered the context of midwifery significantly. The scale of healthcare provision has changed greatly; philosophies and values have been adjusted and the restructuring of healthcare provision has been dramatic. Public expectation regarding involvement in care and opportunities for informed choice has increased; consequently women and their babies expect more than ever before to be partners in the care process.
Midwives provide high-quality professional care to women and their families, acting autonomously, accountably and responsibly within their sphere of practice. This chapter aims to explore the development of midwifery and its professional regulation with the subsequent evolution of the role and responsibilities of a midwife. The quality of midwifery education and the supervision of midwifery will also be examined.
Activity 1.1
Ask yourself why you wanted to become a midwife. It will be useful to revisit this as you progress on your programme. At difficult times within your programme these statements can be very helpful.
To be a midwife is to understand the role and responsibilities of being a midwife. The midwifery profession is recognised globally and is defined by the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) (2011) as:
…A midwife is a person who has successfully completed a midwifery education programme that is duly recognized in the country where it is located and that is based on the ICM Essential Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice and the framework of the ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education; who has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and/or legally licensed to practice midwifery and use the title ‘midwife’; and who demonstrates competency in the practice of midwifery…
This definition is complex; therefore the professional status and regulation of midwifery nationally and internationally will now be clarified.
The Professional Status and Regulation of Midwifery
Historically the professional status of midwifery in England and Wales began with The Midwives Act 1902. This enabled the state enrolment of midwives and established the Central Midwives Board (CMB) for England and Wales. The Midwives Institute was established in the 1880s and was instrumental in the application of the Midwives Act. The Midwives Institute became known as the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) in 1941. All practising midwives were enrolled with the CMB by 1910. A Midwives Act was not passed in Scotland until 1915, which built on the experience of the CMB for England and Wales when setting up the CMB for Scotland.
The CMB produced an annual Roll of Midwives, which was a list of qualified midwives, indicating which were practising. The CMB was independent from nursing, although many midwives were nurses. In 1983 the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) replaced the General Nursing Council (Nursing) and the CMB (Midwifery), which brought the nursing, and midwifery records together for the first time. The Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) was established under the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (‘the order’) (SI:2002/253) and came into being on 1 April 2002, abolishing the UKCC and its four National Boards.
Midwifery, as a profession is recognised globally, although there are wide variations in education and scope of practice between the different continents. Currently, in the United Kingdom, the NMC is the nursing and midwifery regulator for England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Islands. The aims of the NMC are outlined in Box 1.1.
Box 1.1 Aims of the NMC
- Exist to safeguard the health and wellbeing of the public.
- Set standards of education, training, conduct and performance so that nurses and midwives can deliver high quality healthcare consistently throughout their careers.
- Ensure that nurses and midwives keep their skills and knowledge up to date and uphold the professional standards.
- Have clear and transparent processes to investigate nurses and midwives who fall short of the standards.
The NMC
The NMC are governed by legislation approved by the Houses of Parliament and this is detailed in what is known as the Statutory Instruments (SIs). SIs allow an Act of Parliament to be brought into force or altered. The Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 253 is The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001, and replaced the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997.
The main objective of the NMC in exercising its functions under The Order is to safeguard the health and wellbeing of persons using or needing the services of registrants. The principal functions of the Council are to establish from time to time standards of education, training, conduct and performance for nurses and midwives and to ensure the maintenance of those standards.
Part VIII of the Nursing and Midwifery Order is specific to Midwifery and is concerned with:
- The Midwifery Committee.
- Rules as to midwifery practice.
- Local supervision of midwives.
Since 1 December 2012, following the Health and Social Care Act (2012) the NMC has been regulated by the Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA). The PSA replaced the Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence (CHRE). The PSA's function is to ensure that the NMC and other healthcare regulators promote the best interests of patients and the public and ensure consistency across the professions (Yearley and Dawson-Goodey 2014).
European Union
The UK became part of the European community in 1973, and after the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992, the European Union (EU) was formed. As a member state of the EU, all EU legislation must be enforced and UK law must adhere to the EU framework and refer to the European Court of Justice. The NMC maintains close partnerships with colleagues and decision makers in Europe to ensure they can influence EU legislation in the interests of patients and the public in the UK.
There are three main institutions involved in EU legislation:
- The European Parliament, which represents the EU's citizens and is directly elected by them.
- The Council of the European Union, which represents the governments of the individual member countries. The Presidency of the Council is shared by the member states on a rotating basis.
- The European Commission, which represents the interests of the Union as a whole.
Together, these three institutions produce the new policies and laws that apply throughout the EU. In principle, the Commission proposes new laws, and the Parliament and Council adopt them. The Commission and the member countries then implement them, and the Commission ensures that the laws are properly applied and implemented.
EU Directives
The purpose of the EU is to facilitate the freedom of movement of people, goods and services. In the case of seven professions who have to be registered to practice (doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, veterinarians, opticians and architects); specific sectarian directives were developed as the EU recognised that the purpose of the registration is first and foremost the protection of the public. To ensure the protection of the public throughout the EU, directives were developed so that a minimum standard of education and practice could be identified. Midwifery education and practice are determined by the Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2005). This Directive has just been amended on 20 November 2013 to ensure greater efficiency and transparency with the recognition of professional qualifications and has placed value on the use of a European Professional Card (Directive 2013/55/EU, 2013).
The NMC set standards for education and practice and give guidance to professionals. The latest standards for pre-registration midwifery education (NMC 2009) are guided by the international definition of a midwife and the requirements of the European Union Directive Recognition of Professional Qualifications 2005/36/EC Article 40 (training of midwives) and amendments to the EU Directive as stated above. These directives stipulate the experience that students must demonstrate before registering as a qualified midwife and are listed in Box 1.2.
Box 1.2 The European Union Article 40 (Training of Midwives) of Directive 2005/36/EU
- Advising of pregnant women, involving at least 100 antenatal examinations.
- Supervision and care of at least 40 women in labour. (The student should personally carry out at least 40 deliveries; where this number cannot be reached owing to the lack of available women in...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 8.12.2014 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Fundamentals |
| Fundamentals | Fundamentals |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe ► Hebamme / Entbindungspfleger |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege | |
| Schlagworte | Antenatal • Bereavement • complimentary therapies • Contraception • Emergencies in Midwifery • Family planning • Geburtshilfe • Gynäkologie u. Geburtshilfe • Gynäkologie u. Geburtshilfe • Health Promotion • Hebamme • Hebammenpraxis • Infant feeding • Intranatal • Krankenpflege • Krankenpflege i. d. Frauenheilkunde • Loss • Medical Science • medicines management • Medizin • Midwifery • midwifery care • newborn • nursing • Obstetrics & Gynecology • parenthood • Perinatal Mental Health • pharmacology • Psychology • Public Health • Sociology • Student • Team working • Women's Health Nursing |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-52807-7 / 1118528077 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-52807-5 / 9781118528075 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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