Chemistry and Methods of Enzymes (eBook)

G. Fred Somers, James B. Sumner (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 3. Auflage
478 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-7279-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Chemistry and Methods of Enzymes, Third Edition focuses on the processes, methodologies, and reactions in enzyme chemistry, as well as kinetics, nucleases, esterases, and carbohydrates. The publication first underscores the general properties of enzymes, including chemical nature, occurrence, numerical characterization of enzyme concentration, kinetics of enzyme reactions, preparation of commercial enzymes, purification and preservation of enzymes, relations of vitamins to enzymes, and zymogens and kinases. The text then takes a look at esterases and carbohydrates. Topics include pectin depolymerase, heparinase, xylanase, chitinase, dextranase, trehalase, nucleotide phosphatases, glucosulfatase, and gastric lipase. The manuscript examines nucleases, nuclein deaminases, amidases, proteolytic enzymes, and hydrases. Discussions focus on enolase, aconitase, peptidases as metalloproteins, glutaminases, aspartase, urease, adenosine deaminase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. The book also elaborates on iron and copper enzymes, dehydrogenases containing coenzymes I and II, and yellow enzymes. The text is a dependable source of data for chemists and researchers wanting to dig deeper into the chemistry and methods of enzymes.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Chemistry and Methods of Enzymes 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface to the Third Edition 6
Preface to the First Edition 8
Earlier History 14
History Since 1931 15
Literature of Enzymes 16
PART ONE 18
Chapter 1. General Properties of Enzymes 18
THE ROLE PLAYED BY ENZYMES 18
CATALYSIS 18
CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENZYMES 20
TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 20
OCCURRENCE OF ENZYMES 22
SYNTHESIS OF ENZYMES BY LIVING CELLS 23
INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES 23
COLLOIDAL NATURE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT 24
SOLUBILITY 25
ENZYMES AS ELECTROLYTES 25
ISOELECTRIC POINTS OF ENZYMES 25
ESSENTIAL RADICALS 25
TESTS FOR ENZYMES 27
KINETICS OF ENZYME REACTIONS 27
MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION 40
NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION 42
ESTIMATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 46
ESTIMATION OF ENZYME PURITY 46
SPECIFIC ACTION OF ENZYMES 46
ENZYME REVERSIBILITY AND SYNTHESIS BY ENZYMES 51
ZYMOGENS AND KINASES 56
OTHER ACTIVATORS 57
PROTECTORS 57
INACTIVATION AND INHIBITION OF ENZYMES 58
ADAPTIVE VS. CONSTITUTIVE ENZYMES 67
COENZYMES 67
RELATION OF VITAMINS TO ENZYMES 68
PREPARATION OF ENZYMES 69
COMMERCIAL ENZYME PREPARATIONS 70
PRESERVATION OF ENZYMES 70
PURIFICATION OF ENZYMES 74
ELECTROPHORESIS OF ENZYMES 75
EMPLOYMENT OF THE ULTRACENTRIFUGE 77
TESTS OF PURITY OF AN ENZYME 77
CRYSTALLINE ENZYMES 77
REFERENCES 78
PART TWO: ENZYMES WHICH CATALYZE THE ADDITION OR REMOVAL OF WATER HYDROLYZING ENZYMES 85
Chapter 2. Esterases 85
Simple Esterases (Liver and Muscle Esterases) 85
Cholinesterases 86
Acetyl Esterase 91
Cholesterol Esterase 91
Chlorophyllase 92
Phospholipase A, Lecithinase A 94
Phospholipase B, Lecithinase B 96
Phospholipase C, Glycerophosphatase 96
Phospholipase D, Choline Phosphatase 97
Gastric Lipase 97
Pancreatic Lipase 97
Plant Lipases, Castor Bean Lipase 100
Pectin Esterase, Pectase 100
Phenol Sulfatase 102
Glucosulfatase 102
Chondrosulfatase 103
Myrosulfatase 103
Tannase 103
Phosphomonoesterase I, Alkaline Phosphatase 107
Phosphomonoesterase II 108
Phosphomonoesterase III 109
Phosphomonoesterase IV 109
Phosphodiesterases 109
Pyrophosphatase I 110
Pyrophosphatase II 110
Pyrophosphatase III 110
Metaphosphatase 110
Phosphoacylase 111
Phosphoamidases 111
Phytase 111
Nucleotide Phosphatases 112
Adenosinetriphosphatase, ATPase 112
Ophio -Adenosinetriphosphatase 114
Apyrase 115
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 3. Carbohydrases 123
ß-Glucosidase 124
ß-Galactosidase, Lactase 127
a-Galactosidase 128
Trehalase 128
ß-Glucuronidase (ß-Glycuronidase) 128
ß-h-Fructosidase, Saccharase 129
Saccharase (Animal) 132
Dextranase 133
Amylases, Diastases 133
Arabanase 138
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase 138
Cellulase 138
Lichenase 139
Chitinase 139
Glycogenase 139
Hyaluronidase* (Spreading Factor), Mucinase 140
Inulase 142
Lysozyme 143
Heparinase 143
Thioglucosidase 143
Xylanase 145
Protopectinase 145
Pectin Depolymerase 146
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 4. Nucleases 153
DEPOLYMERIZING ENZYMES 153
NUCLEOTIDASES 155
NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASES, NUCLEOSIDASES 157
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 5. Nuclein Deaminases 161
Adenase and Guanase 161
Adenosine Deaminase 162
Adenylic Acid Deaminase 162
Guanosine Deaminase 163
Guanylic Acid Deaminase 164
Cytidine Deaminase 164
REFERENCES 164
Chapter 6. Amidases 165
Allantoinase and Allantoicase 165
Arginase 165
Canavanase 168
Asparaginases 168
Glutaminases 170
Aspartase 171
Hippuricase, Histozyme 171
Histidase 172
Phosphaminase 173
Urease 173
Creatinase 179
REFERENCES 179
Chapter 7. Proteolytic Enzymes 183
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 183
PEPTIDASES AS METALLOPROTEINS 200
REFERENCES 209
Chapter 8. Hydrases 216
Glyoxalase, Aldoketomutase 216
Fumarase 217
Enolase 218
Aconitase 219
Carbonic Anhydrase 220
REFERENCES 222
PART THREE: OXIDIZING ENZYMES 225
Chapter 9. General Principles 225
WIELAND'S THEORY OF DEHYDROG^NATION 227
CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDIZING ENZYMES 230
REFERENCES 231
Chapter 10. The Iron Enzymes 232
Catalase 232
Plant Peroxidase 238
Salivary Peroxidase 243
Lactoperoxidase 243
Tryptophane Peroxidase 243
Myeloperoxidase 243
Cytochrome c 245
Cytochrome c Oxidase, Cytochrome a3 248
Cytochrome c Peroxidase 252
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 11. The Copper Enzymes 257
Tyrosinase (Monophenol Oxidase, Polyphenol Oxidase, Catecholase) 257
Protyrosinase 260
Ascorbase, Ascorbic Acid Oxidase 260
Orthophenolase, or Sweet Potato Phenolase 262
Dopa Oxidase 262
Laccase, Polyphenol Oxidase 262
REFERENCES 263
Chapter 12. Dehydrogenases Containing Coenzymes I and II 266
Coenzyme I, Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide 266
Coenzyme II, Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide 271
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Plant) 272
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Animal) 273
ß-Hydroxybutyric Dehydrogenase 275
Glucose Dehydrogenase (Animal) 276
Lactic Dehydrogenase (Animal) 279
Robison Ester Dehydrogenase 280
Citric Dehydrogenase 281
Isocitric Dehydrogenases 281
á-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase No. 1 284
Glutamic Dehydrogenase (Yeast) 285
Glutamic Dehydrogenase (Animal) 286
Phosphogluconic Dehydrogenase 287
D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase) 287
Retinene Reductase 288
Formic Dehydrogenases 289
REFERENCES 289
Chapter 13. The Yellow Enzymes 294
Riboflavin 294
Riboflavin Mononucleotide (Riboflavin Phosphate) 295
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide 295
The Old Yellow Enzyme 296
Diaphorase, Coenzyme Factor 298
Synthetic Yellow Enzyme 301
Haas Enzyme 301
Xanthine Oxidase, Schardinger Enzyme, Aldehydrase 301
D-Amino Acid Oxidase 304
L-Amino Acid Oxidase 307
Ophio-L-Amino Acid Oxidase 308
Glucose Oxidase of Molds, Notatin 309
Fumaric Hydrogenase 310
TPN-Cytochrome c Reductase 311
DPN-Cytochrome c Reductase 312
Glycine Oxidase 313
Glutathione Reductase 313
REFERENCES 313
Chapter 14. Miscellaneous Oxidizing Enzymes 317
ENZYMES WHICH REDUCE CYTOCHROME C 317
ENZYMES NOT CLOSELY LINKED TO THE CYTOCHROMES 321
REFERENCES 333
PART FOUR: ENZYMES WHICH TRANSFER A RADICLE FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER 338
Chapter 15. Transferases 338
TRANSGLYCOSIDASES, TRANSGLYCOSYLASES 338
TRANSPHOSPHORYLASES 351
PHOSPHOMUTASES 360
TRANSMETHYLASES 364
TRANSACETYLASES 366
REFERENCES 370
PART FIVE: ENZYMES WHICH SPLIT A C—C BOND WITHOUT GROUP TRANSFER 376
Chapter 16. Desmolases 376
á-KETOCARBOXYLASES 382
ß-KETOCARBOXYLASES 386
OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLASES 386
REFERENCES 390
PART SIX 394
Chapter 17 Miscellaneous Unclassified Enzymes 394
Rhodanese 394
Thiaminase 395
Penicillinase 395
Phosphohexose Isomerase 396
Phosphotriose Isomerase 396
Phosphopentose Isomerase 397
Other Isomerases 397
Cysteine Desulfhydrase 398
Exocystine Desulfhydrase 398
Desulfinicase 398
Lactic Acid Racemase 399
REFERENCES 399
Chapter 18. The Role of Enzymes in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Related Biological Processes 401
I . GLYCOLYSIS AND ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION 402
II. AEROBIC OXIDATION OF CARBOHYDRATES 414
GENERAL REFERENCES 429
REFERENCES 430
Author Index 436
Subject Index 463

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-7279-6 / 1483272796
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-7279-5 / 9781483272795