The Handbook of Global Health Policy (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-50963-0 (ISBN)
The Handbook of Global Health Policy provides a definitive source of the key areas in the field. It examines the ethical and practical dimensions of new and current policy models and their effect on the future development of global health and policy.
- Maps out key debates and policy structures involved in all areas of global health policy
- Isolates and examines new policy initiatives in global health policy
- Provides an examination of these initiatives that captures both the ethical/critical as well as practical/empirical dimensions involved with global health policy, global health policy formation and its implications
- Confronts the theoretical and practical questions of 'who gets what and why' and 'how, when and where?'
- Captures the views of a wide array of scholars and practitioners, including from low- and middle-income countries, to ensure an inclusive view of current policy debates
Garrett Wallace Brown is Reader in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield. He is the author of Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution (2009) and co-editor of The Cosmopolitanism Reader (with David Held, Polity Press, 2010).
Gavin Yamey leads the Evidence to Policy initiative (E2Pi), a global health policy think tank in the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco. He is a frequent commentator on National Public Radio, and has published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed medical journals.
Sarah Wamala is the Director-General of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health and Associate Professor at Karolinska Institute. She has published extensively on the wider determinants of health and relevance of preventive strategies and interventions, and is the editor of Globalization and Health (with Ichiro Kawachi, 2007).
The Handbook of Global Health Policy provides a definitive source of the key areas in the field. It examines the ethical and practical dimensions of new and current policy models and their effect on the future development of global health and policy. Maps out key debates and policy structures involved in all areas of global health policy Isolates and examines new policy initiatives in global health policy Provides an examination of these initiatives that captures both the ethical/critical as well as practical/empirical dimensions involved with global health policy, global health policy formation and its implications Confronts the theoretical and practical questions of who gets what and why and how, when and where? Captures the views of a wide array of scholars and practitioners, including from low- and middle-income countries, to ensure an inclusive view of current policy debates
Garrett Wallace Brown is Reader in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield. He is the author of Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution (2009) and co-editor of The Cosmopolitanism Reader (with David Held, Polity Press, 2010). Gavin Yamey leads the Evidence to Policy initiative (E2Pi), a global health policy think tank in the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco. He is a frequent commentator on National Public Radio, and has published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed medical journals. Sarah Wamala is the Director-General of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health and Associate Professor at Karolinska Institute. She has published extensively on the wider determinants of health and relevance of preventive strategies and interventions, and is the editor of Globalization and Health (with Ichiro Kawachi, 2007).
The Handbook of Global Health Policy 3
Contents 7
Figures and Tables 11
Notes on Contributors 15
Foreword 31
References 33
Acknowledgments 35
Introduction 37
Why Global Health Policy 37
The State of the Worlds Health 38
A New Kind of Handbook to Guide Action on these Challenges 40
Five Key Themes Emerging from the Book 42
Theme 1: Global Health is Increasingly Multidimensional, Requiring Innovation in Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approaches 42
Theme 2: There is a Need for Greater Innovation in National and Global Health Governance 44
Theme 3: Health Aid to Developing Countries Requires Re-engineering 46
Theme 4: Scientific Evidence must be Balanced with Political and Ethical Considerations 48
Theme 5: Promoting Global Health is Clearly an Ethical Issue, But the Scope and Scale of Our Normative Commitment Remain Undetermined 50
Conclusions 51
References 52
Part I Global Health Policy and Global Health Governance 55
1 Understanding Global Health Policy 57
Introduction 59
Globalization and the Transformation of Global Health Policy 61
New Global Health Policy Actors 62
Global Health Policy Instruments and Levers 67
Contribution of Theory to Understanding Global Health Policy 71
Functional Rationality: The Policy Process as a Set of Stages or a System 72
Explanatory Theories of Policy Processes 73
Conclusions and Pointers for the Health Policy Analyst 77
References 78
2 Critical Reflections on Global Health Policy Formation: From Renaissance toCrisis 83
Introduction 85
From Renaissance to Crisis 85
How can the Crisis in Global Health be Explained? 88
Critical Understandings of Policy Formation 91
Overcoming the Four Rs: Recommendations 93
Conclusions 94
References 95
3 Contemporary Global Health Governance: Origins, Functions, and Challenges 99
What is Global Health Governance? 101
What Purpose does Global Health Governance Serve? 101
Why Would a Powerful State Agree to Work through Global Institutions? 102
Key Functions of Global Health Governance 103
Internationally Financed Action 104
International Regulation 105
Research and Surveillance 105
Major Developments in International Health Institutions: New Players and New Priorities 106
The Current Crisis in Global Health Governance 107
Dismantling Equity in International Institutions 107
Marginalizing Science from the Policy Process 108
Pursuing Donor Priorities 108
Privatizing Global Health 109
Conclusions 110
References 110
4 Global Health Justice and the Right to Health 113
Introduction 115
Debates about Health Justice at the Domestic Level 115
Limiting the Scope of Health Justice to the State 118
Cosmopolitanism and Broadening the Scope of Health Justice 122
Rights-Based Approaches to Health: Problematizing the Use of Rights Claims to Promote Social Justice at the Domestic and Global Level 125
Conclusions 128
References 128
Part II Narrowing the Gap Between Knowledge and Action 133
5 Measuring the Worlds Health: How Good are Our Estimates? 135
What are Health Metrics, and Why do They Matter to Global Health Policy? 137
Metrics for the Worlds Health 138
Measuring Population Health Loss: DALYs 140
Measuring Health System Performance: Effective Coverage 141
Data Sources for the Worlds Health Metrics 143
From Producing Health Metrics to Informing Policy: Are Our Estimates Good Enough? 147
Measuring the Attainment of MDG 5: Reducing Maternal Deaths 148
Measuring the Impact of Mexicos Health Reform: Seguro Popular 149
Moving Towards Better Health Estimates 150
Acknowledgments 151
References 152
6 Achieving Better Global Health Policy, Even When Health Metrics Data are Scanty 155
What is Global Health Policy – and What Health Metrics Data are Needed? 157
Scale of Health Metrics Data 158
Population Basis of Health Metrics Data 160
Linking Health Service Encounters with the Everyday Lives of Citizens 162
Uncertainties in Measuring Health 162
Ethical Issues in Health Metrics Data 164
Moving from Health Metrics Data to Health Policy 165
References 166
7 An Argument for Evidence-Based Policy-Making in Global Health 169
Introduction 171
Narrowing the Gap 172
Why Should We Use Evidence? Which Evidence Should We Use? 173
Using Different Types of Evidence to Answer Different Questions 176
Evidence-Informed Policies Improve Public Health 178
What are the Barriers to EBP in Global Health? 180
Mismatch Between Research Generation and Burden of Disease 180
Systematic Reviews Do Not Reflect the Health Priorities of LMICs 181
Policy-Makers in LMICs Cannot Access Research Evidence 181
Policy-Makers Do Not Use Evidence 182
The “Black” Box of Implementation 183
The New Landscape of Evidence Translation in Global Health 183
Generation and Synthesis of Locally Relevant Evidence 184
The Open Access Movement 184
New Initiatives and Tools for Packaging Evidence for Policy-Makers 184
Encouraging Linkage and Communication between Researchers and Policy-Makers 185
Conclusions 185
References 186
8 Can Global Health Policy be Depoliticized? A Critique of Global Calls for Evidence-Based Policy 193
Introduction 195
Understanding Evidence-Based Global Health Policy 196
The Pejorative Influence of Politics in Global Health Policy 197
Producing Health Sciences Research: The Politics of Creating the Evidence Base 198
Using Health Sciences Research: What to Value and How to Value Evidence in Decision-Making 199
Wider Implications of a Depoliticized Approach to Evidence 203
Conclusions: A Way Forward? 204
References 206
Part III The Politics of Risk, Disease, and Neglect 211
9 Dietary Policies to Reduce Non-Communicable Diseases 213
Introduction 215
The Policy Problem 216
Determinants of Food Choices and Dietary Behaviors 216
The Policy Solution 217
The Next Steps 223
Conclusions 226
References 227
10 Ethical Reflections on Who is At Risk: Vulnerability and Global Public Health 231
Introduction 233
What is a Risk? 234
What does it Mean to be Vulnerable? 234
Vulnerability, Responsibility, and Moral Obligations 239
Conclusions 241
Notes 241
References 242
11 Ethical and Economic Perspectives on Global Health Interventions 245
Introduction 247
Hidden and Long-Term Returns to Disease Mitigation 248
Infectious Disease: The Importance of Childhood 249
Chronic Disease 249
Infectious Disease, Cognitive Development, and Poverty 249
Health Inequalities and Institutional Design 250
Intergenerational Transmission of Health 251
Health Interventions and Population Growth 251
Globalization of Disease 252
Health, Justice, and Global Institutions 252
Patents and Drug Prices 252
Global Institutions and Social Justice 254
Conclusions 258
Notes 258
References 260
12 Global Health Policy Responses to the Worlds Neglected Diseases 265
What is a Neglected Disease? 267
Why are They Neglected? 267
The Decade of Change 268
Policy Responses to Neglected Disease R& D
Market-Based Solutions 269
Non-Market-Based Solutions 275
Debates and Controversies 278
References 279
13 The Fight for Global Access to Essential Health Commodities 281
Introduction 283
The Medical Innovation System is Failing Many Patients 284
The First Problem: Medical Tools are Often Priced Out of Reach 285
The Second Problem: Medical Tools to Address “Unprofitable” Diseases are Often Unavailable 287
The Third Problem: Medical Tools are Often Unsuitable for Neglected Populations 289
How to Ensure Better Access to More Appropriate Innovation 290
Voluntary Measures 291
Limiting and Overcoming Patent Barriers 293
Compulsory Licensing and Trade Deals 294
Innovation and Access: Towards a System that Delivers what Patients Need 295
Alternative Approaches 295
A New Global Framework: Could We Achieve a Global R& D Convention?
Conclusions 297
Acknowledgment 297
References 298
14 The Social Determinants of Health 303
Introduction 305
A Brief Genealogy of the SDH Approach 305
Some Conceptual Clarifications 307
Evidence Base for the Importance of SDHs 308
Globalization of Production and Finance: Undermining SDHs? 313
Conclusions 316
References 317
Part IV Diplomacy, Security, and Humanitarianism 323
15 Arguments for Securitizing Global Health Priorities 325
Introduction 327
Securitization of Infectious Disease in the Post-Cold War World 328
Reasons to Welcome the Securitization of Health 331
Security Actors can Help Protect Us from the Health Effects of Infectious Diseases 332
Diseases can Cause Significant Political, Social, and Economic Disruption 333
There are Synergies between Public Health and Security Priorities 334
Securitization brings Attention and Resources to Health 335
Conclusions 336
References 337
16 Viral Sovereignty: The Downside Risks of Securitizing Infectious Disease 341
Introduction 343
Method 344
Results and Discussion 345
The Securitization of H5N1 345
The International Scramble for Antivirals and Vaccines 346
Turning Lethal Viruses into Diplomatic Bargaining Chips 349
Conclusions 351
Acknowledgment 352
Note 352
References 353
17 The Changing Humanitarian Sector: Repercussions for the Health Sector 355
Introduction 357
The Changing Nature of Humanitarian Crises 358
Rise of Local Confrontations 358
Increasing Impacts of Natural Hazards 358
Crises are Usually Multifactorial 358
Humanitarian Aid Architecture 359
Explosion of Western NGOs 359
Rise of Southern and Eastern NGOs and Civil Society 359
Centrality of the UN Family and a New Approach to Coordination 360
New Role of the Armed Forces 363
Aid and Profit: Growing Involvement of the Private Sector 363
Killing Aid Actors for Political Gains 363
Adjusting to a Diverse and Fast-Changing World 364
Assessing Needs and Capacities: Multiple Contexts Require Diverse Responses 364
Designing the Appropriate Response 365
Adjusting Programs to Fast-Changing Situations 367
Preparing for Future Humanitarian Crises 367
Risk Management: Predicting the Challenges Ahead 367
Rethinking Approaches 369
Working in Insecure Environments 370
Evaluating the Response 370
Conclusion: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead 372
Improving Humanitarian Operations in Settings of Global Urbanization 372
Applying New Information Technology to Disaster Management 372
Improving Local Disaster Management 373
Restoring Holistic Humanitarian Principles 373
References 374
18 The Limits of Humanitarian Action 377
Limits of Humanitarian Action 379
Quantitative and Qualitative Limits 379
External and Internal Barriers 379
Five Main Types of Limit 380
Political Barriers 380
Organizational Barriers 382
Technical Barriers 384
Community Barriers 385
Moral Limits 386
Conclusions 387
References 388
Part V Financing and the Political Economy of Global Health 391
19 The Global Health Financing Architecture and the Millennium Development Goals 393
Introduction 395
Progress Towards the Health MDGs 396
Trends in Global Health Financing 397
The MDGs Spurred a Substantial Growth in Global Health Financing 397
The End of the Halcyon Days of Global Health Financing 398
Uneven Distribution of Funding across the Health MDGs 398
Areas Not Covered by the MDGs Receive the Least Financial Attention 400
Targeting and Predictability of Funding Flows 401
Key Players in the Global Health Financing Architecture: the Emergence of New Financing Institutions 401
Fragmentation of the Global Health Landscape 402
Unintended Side Effects Resulting from Fragmentation 403
The Need for Domestic Financing 403
Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Global Health Financing 405
Increased Accountability 406
Looking Forward: Lessons Learned and Recommendations 406
Notes 407
References 407
20 Can International Aid Improve Health? 411
Introduction 413
Examining the Evidence 417
The Economic Way of Thinking 420
Incentives 420
Donor Incentives 421
Recipient Incentives 422
Information 423
Donors Information Problem 424
Recipients Information Problem 425
Conclusions 426
Notes 426
References 427
21 The Exterritorial Reach of Money: Global Finance and Social Determinants of Health 429
Introduction 431
Implicit Conditionalities 431
Capital Flight 434
The Crisis of 2008 435
Evidence on Health Outcomes 436
Conclusions and Policy Implications 438
References 439
22 Trade Rules and Intellectual Property Protection for Pharmaceuticals 445
Trade Rules and Intellectual Property Protection for Pharmaceuticals 447
Pharmaceutical Patents Before and After TRIPS 448
Pharmaceuticals Post-TRIPS and the “IP Access to Medicines” Contests 450
PTAs and “TRIPS Plus” Pharmaceutical Standards 454
Looking Ahead– Some Concluding Thoughts 456
References 458
23 The Health Systems Agenda: Prospects for the Diagonal Approach 461
Introduction 463
A Conceptual Base for Health Systems 464
The Diagonal Approach 466
The Diagonal Approach in Practice: Lessons from Mexico 468
Mexican Health Reform 469
Conclusions 472
References 473
24 Will Effective Health Delivery Platforms be Built in Low-Income Countries? 477
Introduction 479
First Decade of the “Global Health Revolution”: Where Did All the International Assistance Go? 479
Why was Development Assistance for Health Allocated to Infectious Disease Control? 481
First Hypothesis: The “Securitization” of Global Health 481
Second Hypothesis: Exceptional Activism, Rooted in a Human Rights Approach 481
Third Hypothesis: Avoiding the “Fatal Attraction” of Cheaper Solutions 482
Fourth Hypothesis: Creation of a Brand New Financing Tool 483
Preliminary Conclusion: An Opportunity for Integrating Infectious Disease Control with Health Systems Strengthening 484
Infectious Disease Control Programs Building Health Delivery Platforms: Diagonal Approach, Bottom-Up and Top-Down 485
Bottom-Up: The “Diagonal” Approach Applied in Ethiopia 485
Top-Down: The Health Systems Funding Platform 487
Conclusions 488
References 490
Part VI Health Rights and Partnerships 493
25 A Rights-Based Approach to Global Health Policy: What Contribution can Human Rights Make to Achieving Equity? 495
Introduction 497
The Right to Health in International Human Rights Law 497
Development of the Right to Health Within the United Nations 498
Right to Health in Regional Human Rights Treaties 500
Contribution of International Health Conferences 501
General Comment 14 on the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health 502
The UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health 503
Critiques and Weaknesses of Human Rights and Right to Health 504
Rights Inflation 504
Vagueness/Formulation 505
Ineffective/Damaging 505
Deficiencies of International Law 506
Contribution of Human Rights to Global Health Equity 506
International and Regional Human Rights Procedures 506
Regional Human Rights Mechanisms 508
Domestic Litigation 509
Rights-Based Advocacy 510
Rights-Based Policy and Tools 511
A Way Forward: Defining a Research Agenda for Global Health and Human Rights 512
Conclusions 512
References 513
26 From Aid to Accompaniment: Rules of the Road for Development Assistance 519
Introduction 521
From Aid to Accompaniment 523
Principle 1: Support Institutions that the Poor Identify as Representing their Interests 523
Principle 2: When Possible, Fund Public Institutions to do their Job 523
Principle 3: Make Job Creation a Benchmark of Success 528
Principle 4: Buy and Hire Locally 529
Principle 5: Co-invest with Governments to Build Strong Workforces and Civil Services 531
Principle 6: Work with Governments to Provide Cash to the Poor 532
Principle 7: Support Regulation of Non-State Service Providers 533
Principle 8: Apply Evidence-Based Standards of Care 534
Conclusions 535
Acknowledgments 535
References 536
27 Global Health Partnerships: The Emerging Agenda 541
Introduction 543
Global Health Partnerships 543
What Makes Global Health Partnerships Work? 544
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 545
The Global Funds Successes and Failures 548
Conclusions 551
References 553
28 Partnerships and the Millennium Development Goals: The Challenges of Reforming Global Health Governance 555
Introduction 557
Partnerships and the “Global Health Revolution” 557
Origins and Context of Global Health Partnerships 557
Partnership Types and Initiatives 558
The MDGs: Aspirational Targets for the Partnership Era 559
Health-Related MDGs and the Social Determinants of Health 560
MDGs as Partnerships 560
MDGs and Global Health Governance 561
Assessing Effectiveness: Partnerships and the MDGs 562
Progress Toward the Health-Related MDGs 562
Role of Global Health Partnerships 563
Will the Health-Related MDG Targets be Met? 563
Impediments to the Realization of the Health-Related MDGs 564
Weak National Health Systems 565
Poor Coordination and Misplaced Priorities 566
Critical Assessments: Partnerships Beyond 2015 566
Conclusions 568
References 569
Part VII Beyond Globalization 573
29 Preparing for the Next Pandemic 575
Introduction 577
Examining the Threat and the Need for a Whole-of-Society Approach 577
Strategies to Mitigate Pandemic Influenza 580
Pharmaceutical Measures (Vaccines and Antivirals) 581
Non-Pharmaceutical Measures (Basically, Everything Else) 583
Conclusions 586
Note 586
References 587
30 Globalization and Global Health 591
Introduction 593
History of Globalization and Health 593
Information and Knowledge Access and Exchange 593
Formal and Informal Flows of Capital 594
Nourishment and Subsistence 596
Disease and Mortality 597
Globalization and Health Now 598
Information and Knowledge Access and Exchange 598
Formal and Informal Flows of Capital 600
Nourishment and Subsistence 602
Disease and Mortality 603
Possible Futures of Globalization and Health 604
Information and Knowledge Access and Exchange 605
Formal and Informal Flows of Capital 605
Nourishment and Subsistence 607
Disease and Mortality 608
Conclusions 608
References 609
Index 613
"This is a critical work to help scholars, practitioners, and students better understand the interdisciplinary arena of global health policy . . . Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above." (Choice, 1 July 2015)
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 2.4.2014 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Handbooks of Global Policy |
| HGP - Handbooks of Global Policy | HGP - Handbooks of Global Policy |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitswesen |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung ► Staat / Verwaltung | |
| Schlagworte | Ãkonomie im Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Allg. Public Health • Economics • Economics of Health & Social Care • Gesundheitspolitik • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Global health, public health policy, sociology of health and illness, health geographies, politics on health policy, human and national security, trans-border health threats, health and human rights, health and welfare state, morality and health, economics and health, social welfare, health and medical geography, development and health, pandemics, globalization and health, ethics and health policy, health ethics, international relations and health, David Held, Handbooks in Global Policy series • Health & Social Care • Health Care Policy & Politics • Ökonomie im Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Political Science • Politikwissenschaft • Public Health General • Volkswirtschaftslehre |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-50963-3 / 1118509633 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-50963-0 / 9781118509630 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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