Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology (eBook)

An Essential Guide for Nursing and Healthcare Students

Muralitharan Nair, Ian Peate (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2012 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-31108-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology, second edition, is designed specifically for nursing and health care students, providing a straightforward, jargon-free, accessible introduction to pathophysiology.

With an applied, full colour visual approach, the new edition of this best-selling textbook provides clear explanations of the human anatomy of the human body, and the effects of disease or illness on normal physiology. To enhance the learning process, the book includes learning outcomes, test-your-learning, key words, glossary of terms, and clinical case scenarios, and is supported by an online resource centre with further activities and exercises.

 Key Features:

• Superb full colour illustrations, bringing this subject to life
• Full of extra features to help improve the learning process, including key words, test-your-knowledge, exercises, further reading and learning outcomes
• New case studies throughout to help you understand how to apply the knowledge in clinical practice
• Supported by an online resource centre with fantastic extras for both lecturers and students, including an image bank, interactive multiple choice questions, true/false exercises, word-searches, glossary flash-cards, label-the diagram activities, and more!

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Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology is designed specifically for nursing and healthcare students, providing a straightforward, jargon-free, accessible introduction to pathophysiology. Highly visual and written specifically for students, the second edition of this best-selling textbook provides clear explanations of the anatomy of the human body, and the effects of disease or illness on normal physiology. To make study easier, the book includes learning outcomes, a range of activities to test learning, key words, end-of-chapter glossaries, and clinical case scenarios, and is supported by an online resource centre with further activities and exercises. Key Features: Superb full colour illustrations, bringing this subject to life Full of extra features to help improve the learning process, including key words, test-your-knowledge, exercises, further reading and learning outcomes New case studies throughout to help you understand how to apply the knowledge in clinical practice Supported by an online resource centre at www.wiley.com/go/fundamentalsofappliedpathophysiology with fantastic extras for both lecturers and students, including an image bank, interactive multiple choice questions, true/false exercises, word-searches, glossary flash-cards, label-the diagram activities, and more!

Autor

ABOUT THE EDITORS Muralitharan Nair is Senior Lecturer in the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire,UK. Ian Peate is Professor of Nursing in the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, Middlesex, UK.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title page 7
Copyright page 8
Contents 9
About the series 16
Contributors 17
Acknowledgements 19
Copyright information 20
Preface 21
How to get the best out of your textbook 22
Features contained within your textbook 24
How to use the website 25
Introduction 26
1: Cell and body tissue physiology 30
Introduction 32
Anatomy of the cell 32
The cell membrane 33
Functions 34
Transport across the cell membrane 35
Cytoplasm 39
Role of cytoplasm 39
Nucleus 39
Mitosis and meiosis 40
Mitosis 40
Meiosis 43
The organelles 44
Endoplasmic reticulum 45
Golgi apparatus 45
Lysosomes 46
Peroxisomes 46
Mitochondria (single = mitochondrion) 46
Cytoskeleton 47
Centrioles, cilia and flagella 47
Types of cells 48
Tissues 49
Glandular epithelium 52
Connective tissue 52
Muscle tissue 54
Nervous tissue 55
Tissue repair 56
Conclusion 57
Glossary of terms 61
References 65
2: Cancer 66
Introduction 68
Biology of cancer 69
Causes of cancer 72
Genes 72
Environmental factors 72
Staging of cancers 76
Signs and symptoms of cancer 77
Treatment of cancer 78
Drug therapy 78
Radiation therapy 79
Immunotherapy 79
Surgical removal 79
Hormonal therapy 79
Photodynamic therapy 80
Gene therapy 80
Prevention of cancer 80
Examples of cancers 81
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 81
Lung cancer 83
Breast cancer 84
Conclusion 86
Further resources 90
BMC Cancer 90
British Cancer Journal 90
Cancer Research UK 90
Cancer Symptoms 90
Inside Cancer 90
Glossary of terms 90
References 94
3: Inflammation, immune response and healing 96
Introduction 98
Infectious micro-organisms 98
Spread of infection 99
Droplet spread 99
Air currents (airborne transmission) 99
Aerosol transmission 100
Water transmission 100
Contact transmission 100
Soil 101
Inoculation 101
Faecal-oral route 101
Vector transmission 102
Contaminated intermediates 102
Types of infectious micro-organisms 103
Bacteria 103
Viruses 104
Fungi 105
Protozoa 105
Rickettsiae, chlamydiae and mycoplasmas 106
Helminths 107
The immune system 108
Organs, cells and proteins of the immune system 108
The lymphatic system 108
Types of immunity 111
Specific immunity 113
Immune problems 113
Inflammatory response 114
Summary of inflammation 115
Conclusion 116
Further resources 120
AVERT 120
CELLS alive! 120
National Resource for Infection Control (NRIC) 120
The Biology Project 120
The Department of Health (DH) 120
HIV tutorial (University of Utah) 120
Department of Health – E. coli outbreak 121
Glossary of terms 121
References 125
4: Shock 126
Introduction 128
Types of shock 129
Hypovolaemic shock 129
Cardiogenic and obstructive shock 130
Distributive shock 130
Anaphylactic shock 131
Septic shock 132
Neurogenic (vasogenic) shock 132
Pathophysiology of shock 132
Stages of shock 133
Stage 1: Compensatory (non-progressive) stage of shock 133
Stage 2: Progressive (decompensated) stage of shock 134
Stage 3: Irreversible (refractory) stage of shock 135
Care of the patient in shock 135
Pharmacological management of shock 137
Conclusion 137
Further resources 141
Resuscitation Council (UK) 141
NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries 141
Trauma and shock factsheet 141
Toxic shock syndrome 141
Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN)
British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141
Glossary of terms 142
References 143
5: The heart and associated disorders 144
Introduction 146
Location of the heart 146
Structures of the heart 147
Chambers of the heart 147
Valves of the heart 148
Vessels of the heart 148
Blood flow through the heart 149
Conducting systems of the heart 150
The SA node 150
The AV node 152
Bundle of His 152
Right and left bundle branches 152
Purkinje fibres 152
Nerve supply of the heart 152
Diseases of the heart 153
Myocardial infarction 154
Heart failure/congestive heart failure 156
Cardiogenic shock 160
Angina 162
Conclusion 165
Further resources 168
Online nutritional information and facts 168
NHS Choices 168
BUPA 169
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 169
Department of Health – Policy, guidance and publications for NHS and social care professionals 169
Glossary of terms 169
References 171
6: The vascular system and associated disorders 172
Introduction 174
Overview of blood vessels 174
Structure of the blood vessels 174
Arteries 176
Capillaries 177
Venules 178
Veins 178
Blood pressure 179
Factors that can affect blood pressure 180
Diseases of the blood vessels 180
Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis 181
Hypertension 184
Aneurysm 187
Peripheral vascular disease 189
Conclusion 198
Further resources 202
Patient UK 202
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines (SIGN) 202
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 202
Department of Health (DH) 202
British Hypertension Society 202
British Heart Foundation 202
Glossary of terms 203
References 204
7: The blood and associated disorders 206
Introduction 208
Composition of blood 208
Properties of blood 208
Functions of blood 209
Transportation 210
Regulation 210
Protection 210
Plasma 210
Water in plasma 210
Plasma proteins 210
Plasma electrolytes 211
Gases 211
Nutrients and waste products of metabolism 211
Formed elements of blood 212
Red blood cells 212
White blood cells 215
Platelets 217
Haemostasis 217
Vasoconstriction 217
Platelet aggregation 217
Coagulation 217
Blood groups 218
Rhesus factor 220
Diseases of the blood 220
Anaemia 220
Leukaemia 230
Thrombocytopenia 232
Conclusion 234
Further resources 236
Contact a Family 236
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia 236
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease 237
Sheffield NHS 237
Biomedical Central 237
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 237
Glossary of terms 237
References 239
8: The renal system and associated disorders 240
Introduction 242
The renal system 242
Kidneys 243
Ureters 249
Urinary bladder 250
Urethra 250
Disorders of the renal system 252
Pyelonephritis 252
Cystitis 254
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease 256
Renal calculi 261
Conclusion 263
Further resources 266
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 266
Department of Health (DH) – Renal dialysis 267
British Journal of Renal Medicine 267
Journal of Renal Nursing 267
The Renal Association 267
Department of Health – National Service Framework 267
Glossary of terms 267
References 269
9: The respiratory system and associated disorders 270
Introduction 272
Anatomy and physiology 272
The upper respiratory tract 272
The lower respiratory tract 273
Pulmonary ventilation 275
External respiration 276
Transport of gases and internal respiration 278
Control of breathing 278
Disorders of the respiratory system 281
Respiratory failure 281
Lower respiratory tract infections 282
Obstructive lung disorders 285
Restrictive disorders 293
Lung cancer 294
Pleural disorders 294
Conclusion 297
Further resources 299
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 299
British Thoracic Society 300
British Lung Foundation 300
Asthma UK 300
MacMillan Cancer Support 300
Respiratory Education UK 300
Glossary of terms 300
References 304
10: The nervous system and associated disorders 306
Introduction 308
Structure of the nervous system 308
Central nervous system 309
Peripheral nervous system 313
Disorders of the nervous system 316
Raised intracranial pressure 316
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) 319
Parkinson’s disease (paralysis agitans) 321
Alzheimer’s disease 323
Multiple sclerosis 325
Epilepsy 327
Conclusion 329
Further resources 333
Alzheimer’s Association 333
NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries 333
Department of Health 333
NICE Pathways 333
Multiple Sclerosis 333
Parkinson’s Organisation 333
Glossary of terms 334
References 334
11: The gastrointestinal system and associated disorders 336
Introduction 338
Digestion 339
Structure of the gastrointestinal system 339
Oral cavity 339
Salivary glands 342
Pharynx 343
Oesophagus 344
Stomach 344
Small intestine 347
Large intestine 348
Accessory organs of digestion 350
Liver 350
Gallbladder 351
Pancreas 351
Disorders of the digestive system 352
Gingivitis 353
Peptic ulcer 354
Ulcerative colitis 356
Peritonitis 359
Conclusion 360
Further resources 364
The Gastrointestinal Forum 364
National Association for Colitis and Crohn’s Disease (NACC) 364
The Surviving Sepsis Campaign 364
NHS Choices. Your health, your choices 364
The British Dental Foundation 364
The Ileostomy and Internal Pouch Support Group 364
Glossary of terms 365
References 367
12: Nutrition and associated disorders 368
Introduction 370
Macronutrients 370
Carbohydrates 370
Proteins 371
Lipids 372
Alcohol 372
Micronutrients 373
Vitamins 373
Minerals 375
Nutritional requirements 375
Nutritional disorders 376
Obesity 376
Malnutrition 381
Enteral nutrition 383
Parenteral nutrition 384
Conclusion 384
Further resources 388
Netdoctor 388
Department of Health (DH) 388
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Obesity 388
World Health Organization (WHO) 388
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – Eating disorders 388
British Medical Journal 388
Glossary of terms 389
References 390
13: The endocrine system and associated disorders 392
Introduction 394
Hormones 396
The control of hormone release 396
Summary 397
The physiology of the endocrine glands 398
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland 398
The thyroid gland 400
The adrenal glands 401
The pancreas 404
Disorders of the endocrine system 405
General considerations for caring for patients with an endocrine condition 405
The pituitary gland 406
The thyroid gland 407
Hyperthyroidism 408
Hypothyroidism 410
The parathyroid glands 411
The adrenal glands 411
The pancreas 415
Conclusion 419
Further resources 422
Addison’s Disease Self-Help Group 422
Diabetes UK 422
EndocrineSurgeon.co.uk 422
Pituitary Foundation 422
The Endocrine Society 422
Glossary of terms 422
References 425
14: The reproductive systems and associated disorders 428
Introduction 430
Reproductive health 430
The pelvis 431
The female reproductive tract 432
Female external genitalia 432
Female internal genitalia 433
The menstrual cycle 435
The female breast 437
Menstrual disorders 437
Dysmenorrhoea 438
Amenorrhoea 441
Menorrhagia 442
The male reproductive tract 446
Male genitalia 446
Male reproductive disorders 448
Phimosis 449
Paraphimosis 449
Hydrocele 450
Benign and malignant prostate cancer 451
Conclusion 453
Further resources 456
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 456
Men’s Health Forum 456
Sexual Advice Association 456
Verity 456
Everyman 456
Women’s Health Forum Royal College of Nursing 456
Glossary of terms 457
References 458
15: Pain and pain management 460
Introduction 462
The physiology of pain 462
Nociceptors 462
The ascending pain pathway 463
Pain interpretation 467
Reflex arcs 467
Descending pain pathways 468
Pain classification 469
Transient, acute and chronic pain 469
Superficial and deep pain 470
The pain experience 470
Pain theories 470
Gate control theory of pain 471
Pain pathophysiology and management 472
Pathophysiology 472
Pain assessment 477
Pain management 481
Conclusion 488
Further resources 492
British Pain Society 492
Pain Concern 492
Pain Talk 492
The Pain Association 492
NHS Choices 492
London Pain Consortium 492
Glossary of terms 493
References 497
16: The musculoskeletal system and associated disorders 500
Introduction 502
The musculoskeletal system 502
Bone structure 504
Joints 505
Muscle 506
The nervous system 507
Assessing the patient with a musculoskeletal disorder 507
Disorders of the musculoskeletal system 509
Fractures and bone healing 510
Osteoarthritis 513
Osteoporosis 515
Gout 517
Myasthenia gravis 519
Conclusion 521
Further resources 526
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 526
The Myasthenia Gravis Association 527
Arthritis Care 527
National Osteoporosis Society 527
Muscular Dystrophy Campaign 527
Brittle Bone Society 527
Glossary of terms 527
References 529
17: Fluid and electrolyte balance and associated disorders 530
Introduction 532
Body fluid compartments 532
Composition of body fluid 532
Body fluid balance 534
Osmosis 534
Electrolytes 535
Diffusion 537
Hormones that regulate fluid and electrolytes 538
Oedema 538
Disorders associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalance 540
Maintaining fluid balance charts 540
Measuring fluid balance 541
Maintaining hydration 542
Nausea and vomiting 543
Caring for the patient with oedema 546
Conclusion 549
Further resources 552
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 552
Lymphoedema Support Network 552
Water UK 552
Department of Health – Heat Wave Plan 552
Age UK 552
British Lung Foundation 552
Glossary of terms 553
References 554
18: The skin and associated disorders 556
Introduction 558
The anatomy and physiology of the skin 559
The epidermis 560
The dermis 562
Blood supply 563
Lymph vessels 563
Nerves 563
The subcutis 563
The appendages 563
Disorders of the skin 566
Skin cancer 567
Health promotion advice – skin cancer 572
Eczema 574
Psoriasis 577
Conclusion 578
Further resources 582
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 582
Cancer Research UK 582
British Association of Dermatologists 582
UK National Eczema Society 582
The Psoriasis Association 582
Changing Faces 582
Glossary of terms 583
References 584
19: The ear, nose and throat, and eyes, and associated disorders 586
Introduction 588
Physiology of the ear, nose and throat 588
Ear 588
Nose 590
Throat 591
Physiology of the eye 592
Fibrous tunic 593
Vascular tunic 593
Sensory tunic 593
Internal structure 593
Lens 594
Movement of the eye 594
Disorders of the ear, nose and throat, and eye 594
Disorders of the ear, nose and throat 594
Disorders of the eye 604
Conclusion 607
Further resources 610
BMC Ear Nose and Throat Disorders 610
Northern Ireland Cancer Network. E-learning Care of the Laryngectomee 610
Royal National Institute of Blind People 610
The National Association of Laryngectomee Clubs 610
The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 610
Sign Station 610
Glossary of terms 610
References 614
Appendix A: Reference values in venous serum (adults) 616
Appendix B: List of units 620
Index 621

Rezensionen

"Pre and post-reg students, tutors, lecturers andpractitioners. It is so well written and presented that anyonepicking it up will find something in it to interest them, even ifthey don't know it yet." (Nursing Times, 7October 2014)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.12.2012
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pathologie
• Schlagworte: accessible • Anatomie u. Physiologie • anatomy • Anatomy & Physiology • Applied • applied pathophysiology • bestselling textbook • Biowissenschaften • Body • clear • Disease • Edition • Effects • Einführungen in die Krankenpflege • Einführungen in die Krankenpflege • explanations • Healthcare • Human • Illness • Introduction • Introductions to Nursing • Krankenpflege • Life Sciences • New • Normal • nursing • Pathophysiologie • Physiology • provides • specifically
• ISBN-10: 1-118-31108-6 / 1118311086
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-31108-0 / 9781118311080