Cochlear Hearing Loss (eBook)

Physiological, Psychological and Technical Issues

Brian C. J. Moore (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9780470518182 (ISBN)

Infos

Since the first edition was published in 1998, considerable advances have been made in the fields of pitch perception and speech perception. In addition, there have been major changes in the way that hearing aids work, and the features they offer. This book will provide an understanding of the changes in perception that take place when a person has cochlear hearing loss so the reader understands not only what does happen, but why it happens. It interrelates physiological and perceptual data and presents both this and basic concepts in an integrated manner. The goal is to convey an understanding of the perceptual changes associated with cochlear hearing loss, of the difficulties faced by the hearing-impaired person, and the limitations of current hearing aids.

Brian C. J. Moore is the author of Cochlear Hearing Loss: Physiological, Psychological and Technical Issues, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Inhalt

COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 1
Contents 7
Preface 13
1 Physiological Aspects of Cochlear Hearing Loss 15
I INTRODUCTION 15
II LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 15
III STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE OUTER AND MIDDLE EAR 20
IV STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NORMAL COCHLEA 23
IV.1 THE COCHLEA, THE BASILAR MEMBRANE AND THE ORGAN OF CORTI 23
IV.2 TUNING ON THE BASILAR MEMBRANE 26
IV.3 THE NONLINEARITY OF INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS ON THE BASILAR MEMBRANE 30
IV.4 TWO-TONE SUPPRESSION 32
IV.5 COMBINATION TONE GENERATION 32
IV.6 RESPONSES OF THE BASILAR MEMBRANE TO COMPLEX SOUNDS 33
IV.7 OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS 34
V NEURAL RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AUDITORY NERVE 35
V.1 SPONTANEOUS FIRING RATES AND THRESHOLDS 36
V.2 TUNING CURVES AND ISO-RATE CONTOURS 36
V.3 RATE-VERSUS-LEVEL FUNCTIONS 37
V.4 TWO-TONE SUPPRESSION 39
V.5 PHASE LOCKING 40
VI TYPES OF HEARING LOSS 42
VII PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DAMAGED COCHLEA 43
VII.1 BASILAR MEMBRANE RESPONSES 43
VII.2 NEURAL RESPONSES 45
VII.3 STRUCTURE–FUNCTION CORRELATION 46
VII.4 OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS 49
VII.5 PHASE LOCKING 49
VIII CONCLUSIONS 50
2 Absolute Thresholds 53
I INTRODUCTION 53
II MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD 53
II.1 MINIMUM AUDIBLE PRESSURE (MAP) 53
II.2 MINIMUM AUDIBLE FIELD (MAF) 53
II.3 COMPARISON OF MAP AND MAF 54
II.4 THE AUDIOGRAM 55
III DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERITY OF HEARING LOSS 56
IV CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS DUE TO COCHLEAR DAMAGE 57
V PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ELEVATED ABSOLUTE THRESHOLDS 58
3 Masking, Frequency Selectivity and Basilar Membrane Nonlinearity 59
I INTRODUCTION 59
II THE MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY USING MASKING 60
II.1 INTRODUCTION 60
II.2 THE POWER-SPECTRUM MODEL 60
II.3 ESTIMATING THE SHAPE OF A FILTER 61
III ESTIMATING FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY FROM MASKING EXPERIMENTS 62
III.1 PSYCHOPHYSICAL TUNING CURVES 62
III.2 THE NOTCHED-NOISE METHOD 65
IV CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUDITORY FILTER IN NORMAL HEARING 68
IV.1 VARIATION WITH CENTRE FREQUENCY 68
IV.2 VARIATION WITH LEVEL 70
IV.3 SUMMARY 73
V MASKING PATTERNS AND EXCITATION PATTERNS 73
V.1 MASKING PATTERNS 73
V.2 RELATIONSHIP OF THE AUDITORY FILTER TO THE EXCITATION PATTERN 75
V.3 CHANGES IN EXCITATION PATTERNS WITH LEVEL 76
V.4 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION 77
VI NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 78
VI.1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 78
VI.2 EVIDENCE FOR SUPPRESSION FROM NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 81
VI.3 THE ENHANCEMENT OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY REVEALED IN NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 83
VI.4 RELATION BETWEEN THE GROWTH OF FORWARD MASKING AND THE BASILAR MEMBRANE INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTION 84
VII THE AUDIBILITY OF PARTIALS IN COMPLEX TONES 87
VIII EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY IN SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 89
VIII.1 COMPLICATING FACTORS 89
VIII.2 PSYCHOPHYSICAL TUNING CURVES 90
VIII.3 AUDITORY FILTER SHAPES MEASURED WITH NOTCHED NOISE 93
IX THE USE OF MASKING TO DIAGNOSE DEAD REGIONS 97
IX.1 THE THRESHOLD-EQUALIZING NOISE (TEN) TEST 97
IX.2 THE TEN(HL) TEST 99
IX.3 PREVALENCE OF DEAD REGIONS ASSESSED USING THE TEN(HL) TEST 100
X EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FORWARD MASKING AND SUPPRESSION 100
XI EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON BM INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 102
XII PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY, DEAD REGIONS, LOSS OF SUPPRESSION AND STEEPER BM INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 104
XII.1 SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASKING 104
XII.2 TIMBRE PERCEPTION 104
XII.3 PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF DEAD REGIONS 105
4 Loudness Perception and Intensity Resolution 107
I INTRODUCTION 107
II LOUDNESS PERCEPTION FOR NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 107
II.1 EQUAL-LOUDNESS CONTOURS AND LOUDNESS LEVEL 107
II.2 THE SCALING OF LOUDNESS 108
II.3 THE DETECTION OF INTENSITY CHANGES 110
III EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 111
IV A MODEL OF NORMAL LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 115
V A MODEL OF LOUDNESS PERCEPTION APPLIED TO COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 118
V.1 INTRODUCTION 118
V.2 ELEVATION OF ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD 119
V.3 REDUCED COMPRESSIVE NONLINEARITY 119
V.4 REDUCED INNER HAIR CELL/NEURAL FUNCTION 120
V.5 REDUCED FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY 121
V.6 COMPLETE LOSS OF FUNCTIONING IHCs OR NEURONES (DEAD REGIONS) 122
V.7 USING THE MODEL TO ACCOUNT FOR LOUDNESS RECRUITMENT 123
VI EFFECTS OF BANDWIDTH ON LOUDNESS 124
VI.1 NORMAL HEARING 124
VI.2 IMPAIRED HEARING 125
VII EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON INTENSITY RESOLUTION 127
VIII PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 128
VIII.1 CONSEQUENCES OF LOUDNESS RECRUITMENT AND REDUCED DYNAMIC RANGE 128
VIII.2 PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED LOUDNESS SUMMATION 128
VIII.3 PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED INTENSITY DISCRIMINATION 129
5 Temporal Resolution and Temporal Integration 131
I INTRODUCTION 131
II MODELLING WITHIN-CHANNEL TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN NORMAL HEARING 132
II.1 BANDPASS FILTERING 132
II.2 THE NONLINEARITY 133
II.3 THE SLIDING TEMPORAL INTEGRATOR 134
II.4 THE DECISION DEVICE 136
II.5 CHARACTERIZING THE NONLINEAR DEVICE AND THE SLIDING TEMPORAL INTEGRATOR 136
III TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN NORMAL HEARING 138
III.1 THE EFFECT OF CENTRE FREQUENCY ON GAP DETECTION 138
III.2 TEMPORAL MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 139
III.3 THE RATE OF RECOVERY FROM FORWARD MASKING 140
IV TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR DAMAGE 142
IV.1 THE INFLUENCE OF SOUND LEVEL ON GAP DETECTION AND THE RATE OF DECAY OF FORWARD MASKING 142
IV.2 THE INFLUENCE OF AUDIBLE BANDWIDTH ON TEMPORAL MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND GAP DETECTION 144
IV.3 THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN THE COMPRESSIVE NONLINEARITY 145
V TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT THRESHOLD 149
V.1 TEMPORAL INTEGRATION IN NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 149
V.2 TEMPORAL INTEGRATION IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 150
V.3 EXPLANATIONS FOR REDUCED TEMPORAL INTEGRATION IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 151
VI TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT SUPRATHRESHOLD LEVELS 152
VII PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL TEMPORAL PROCESSING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 154
VII.1 CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 154
VII.2 CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED TEMPORAL INTEGRATION 155
6 Pitch Perception and Frequency Discrimination 157
I INTRODUCTION 157
II THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION 158
III THE PERCEPTION OF THE PITCH OF PURE TONES BY NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 158
III.1 THE FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION OF PURE TONES 158
III.2 THE PERCEPTION OF MUSICAL INTERVALS 162
III.3 THE EFFECT OF LEVEL ON PITCH 163
IV FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION OF PURE TONES BY PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 164
IV.1 DIFFERENCE LIMENS FOR FREQUENCY (DLFs) 164
IV.2 FREQUENCY MODULATION DETECTION LIMENS (FMDLs) 166
V THE PERCEPTION OF PURE-TONE PITCH FOR FREQUENCIES FALLING IN A DEAD REGION 169
VI PITCH ANOMALIES IN THE PERCEPTION OF PURE TONES 171
VII THE PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 173
VII.1 THE PHENOMENON OF THE MISSING FUNDAMENTAL 173
VII.2 DISCRIMINATION OF THE REPETITION RATE OF COMPLEX TONES 173
VIII THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION FOR COMPLEX TONES 174
VIII.1 THE REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX TONE IN THE PERIPHERAL AUDITORY SYSTEM 174
VIII.2 SPECTRO-TEMPORAL PITCH THEORIES 176
VIII.3 THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF ENVELOPE AND TEMPORAL FINE STRUCTURE 178
IX PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 181
IX.1 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 181
IX.2 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 183
X PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION AND PITCH PERCEPTION 184
X.1 EFFECTS ON SPEECH PERCEPTION 184
X.2 EFFECTS ON MUSIC PERCEPTION 186
7 Spatial Hearing and Advantages of Binaural Hearing 187
I INTRODUCTION 187
II THE LOCALIZATION OF SINUSOIDS 188
II.1 CUES FOR LOCALIZATION 188
II.2 PERFORMANCE OF NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE IN LOCALIZATION AND LATERALIZATION 191
II.3 PERFORMANCE OF HEARING-IMPAIRED PEOPLE IN LOCALIZATION AND LATERALIZATION 192
III THE LOCALIZATION OF COMPLEX SOUNDS 193
III.1 THE ROLE OF TRANSIENTS AND ACROSS-FREQUENCY COMPARISONS 193
III.2 PERFORMANCE OF NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 193
III.3 PERFORMANCE OF PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 194
III.4 REASONS FOR LARGE INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE AND INTERAURAL LEVEL DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 197
IV THE CONE OF CONFUSION, HEAD MOVEMENTS AND PINNA CUES 198
IV.1 THE CONE OF CONFUSION 198
IV.2 THE ROLE OF HEAD MOVEMENTS 199
IV.3 INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE PINNAE 199
IV.4 LOCALIZATION USING PINNA CUES BY NORMALLY HEARING AND HEARING-IMPAIRED PEOPLE 200
V GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON SOUND LOCALIZATION 200
VI THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT 201
VI.1 THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT FOR NORMAL HEARING 201
VI.2 THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT FOR IMPAIRED HEARING 202
VII BINAURAL MASKING LEVEL DIFFERENCES (MLDs) 203
VII.1 MLDs FOR NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 203
VII.2 MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MLDs 206
VII.3 MLDs FOR PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 206
VII.4 POSSIBLE REASONS FOR SMALLER MLDs IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR DAMAGE 207
VIII HEAD-SHADOW EFFECTS 208
VIII.1 BENEFITS OF HEAD SHADOW FOR NORMALLY HEARING PEOPLE 208
VIII.2 BENEFITS OF HEAD SHADOW FOR HEARING-IMPAIRED PEOPLE 209
IX RELEASE FROM INFORMATIONAL MASKING 210
X DIOTIC ADVANTAGES 212
XI PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL BINAURAL AND SPATIAL HEARING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR DAMAGE 213
8 Speech Perception 215
I INTRODUCTION 215
II THE MAGNITUDE OF THE NOISE PROBLEM 215
III THE ROLE OF AUDIBILITY 217
III.1 THE ARTICULATION INDEX (AI) AND SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY INDEX (SII) 217
III.2 USE OF THE AI OR SII TO PREDICT SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY FOR THE HEARING IMPAIRED 218
III.3 THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH IN NOISE AT HIGH OVERALL LEVELS 219
III.4 COMPARISON OF DETECTION AND RECOGNITION FOR SPEECH IN NOISE 220
III.5 THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH IN QUIET AT HIGH OVERALL LEVELS 221
III.6 SIMULATION OF HEARING LOSS BY SELECTIVE FILTERING (FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT ATTENUATION) 221
III.7 SIMULATION OF HEARING LOSS BY MASKING 222
III.8 CONCLUSIONS ON THE ROLE OF AUDIBILITY 223
IV INFLUENCE OF DEAD REGIONS ON SPEECH PERCEPTION 223
V CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOACOUSTIC ABILITIES AND SPEECH PERCEPTION 226
VI ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY ON VOWEL AND CONSONANT PERCEPTION 228
VI.1 CONSONANT PERCEPTION 228
VI.2 VOWEL PERCEPTION 229
VII INFLUENCE OF LOSS OF SENSITIVITY TO TEMPORAL FINE STRUCTURE 233
VIII THE USE OF SIMULATIONS TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOACOUSTIC FACTORS IN SPEECH PERCEPTION 235
VIII.1 SIMULATIONS OF LOUDNESS RECRUITMENT COMBINED WITH THRESHOLD ELEVATION 236
VIII.2 SIMULATIONS OF REDUCED FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY 240
VIII.3 SIMULATION OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF THRESHOLD ELEVATION, RECRUITMENT AND REDUCED FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY 243
VIII.4 SIMULATION OF REDUCED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 244
IX CONCLUSIONS 246
9 Hearing Aids 247
I INTRODUCTION 247
II LINEAR AMPLIFICATION 247
II.1 THE DIFFICULTY OF RESTORING AUDIBILITY USING LINEAR AIDS 247
II.2 PRESCRIPTIVE FITTING RULES FOR LINEAR HEARING AIDS 248
III COMPRESSION AMPLIFICATION 250
III.1 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS 250
III.2 VARIETIES OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS 255
III.3 RATIONALES FOR THE USE OF MULTI-BAND COMPRESSION (AND NOISE REDUCTION) 255
III.4 RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTI-BAND SYLLABIC COMPRESSION 256
III.5 METHODS FOR INITIAL FITTING OF HEARING AIDS WITH MULTI-BAND COMPRESSION 258
III.6 METHODS FOR FINE TUNING HEARING AIDS WITH MULTI-BAND COMPRESSION 266
III.7 SLOW-ACTING AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS 267
III.8 COMPARISONS OF SLOW-ACTING AND FAST-ACTING SYSTEMS 269
III.9 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT COMPRESSION 271
IV SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS WITH HEARING AIDS 271
IV.1 INADEQUATE GAIN AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 271
IV.2 ACOUSTIC FEEDBACK 272
IV.3 PEAKINESS OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE 273
IV.4 THE OCCLUSION EFFECT 274
IV.5 TIME DELAYS 275
V METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE SPEECH-TO-NOISE RATIO 276
V.1 MULTI-CHANNEL NOISE REDUCTION 276
V.2 DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONES 276
V.3 BINAURAL PROCESSING ALGORITHMS 277
VI TRANSPOSITION AIDS FOR SEVERE AND PROFOUND HEARING LOSS 278
VII COCHLEAR IMPLANTS 280
VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS 281
Glossary 283
References 301
Index 341

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.9.2007
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► HNO-Heilkunde
• Schlagworte: Analysis • Audiologie • audiology • Better • changes • Cochlea • Cochlear • Common • damage • developed • forms • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • hearing • Last • Loss • mechanisms • Physiological • Physiological mechanisms • result • Revolution • Underlying • years
• ISBN-13: 9780470518182 / 9780470518182