Veterinary Neuropathology (eBook)

Essentials of Theory and Practice

Marc Vandevelde, Robert Higgins, Anna Oevermann (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2012
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-34950-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Introducing the theoretical and practical basics of veterinary neuropathology, this concise and well illustrated book is an essential basic diagnostic guide for pathologists, neurologists and diagnostic imaging specialists. It presents readers with strategies to deal with neuropathological problems, showing how to interpret gross and histological lesions using a systematic approach based on pattern recognition.

It starts with an overview of the general principles of neuroanatomy, neuropathological techniques, basic tissue reaction patterns, and recognition of major lesion patterns.  The book goes on to cover vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, trauma, congenital malformations, metabolic-toxic diseases, neoplasia and degenerative diseases mainly of the central nervous system. In the respective chapters pathologists can quickly find information to support their daily diagnostic workup for both small and large domestic species.  Based on the authors' extensive diagnostic and post graduate teaching experience as well as the inclusion of MRI as it relates to neuropathology, this book also offers a comprehensive but basic analysis of veterinary neuropathology that neurologists and other MRI users will find very useful.

• An essential manual for daily diagnostic work
• Richly illustrated with high quality colour gross, histological and MRI images
• Includes a section on the function and use of MRI (by Johann Lang, DECVDI)
• Accompanied by a website presenting MRI sequences for interpretation and correlation with neuropathological findings edited by Johann Lang (University of Bern, Switzerland) and Eric Wiesner (University of California, Davis, USA)

Marc Vandevelde Dr.med.vet., DECVN is a professor of neurology in the Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

Robert J. Higgins BVSc, MS, PhD, DACVP is a professor of pathology in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, at the University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.

Anna Oevermann Dr. med.vet., DECVP is an associate professor of neuropathology in the Division of Neurological Sciences , Vetsuisse Faculty at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

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Introducing the theoretical and practical basics of veterinary neuropathology, this concise and well illustrated book is an essential basic diagnostic guide for pathologists, neurologists and diagnostic imaging specialists. It presents readers with strategies to deal with neuropathological problems, showing how to interpret gross and histological lesions using a systematic approach based on pattern recognition. It starts with an overview of the general principles of neuroanatomy, neuropathological techniques, basic tissue reaction patterns, and recognition of major lesion patterns. The book goes on to cover vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, trauma, congenital malformations, metabolic-toxic diseases, neoplasia and degenerative diseases mainly of the central nervous system. In the respective chapters pathologists can quickly find information to support their daily diagnostic workup for both small and large domestic species. Based on the authors extensive diagnostic and post graduate teaching experience as well as the inclusion of MRI as it relates to neuropathology, this book also offers a comprehensive but basic analysis of veterinary neuropathology that neurologists and other MRI users will find very useful. An essential manual for daily diagnostic work Richly illustrated with high quality colour gross, histological and MRI images Includes a section on the function and use of MRI (by Johann Lang, DECVDI) Accompanied by a website presenting MRI sequences for interpretation and correlation with neuropathological findings edited by Johann Lang (University of Bern, Switzerland) and Eric Wiesner (University of California, Davis, USA)www.wiley.com/go/vandevelde/veterinaryneuropathology

Inhalt

Title page 5
Copyright page 6
Contents 7
Preface 11
Foreword 12
1: General neuropathology 13
1.1 Principles of neuroanatomy for diagnostic neuropathologists 13
1.1.1 Anatomical orientation by using the ventricular system 13
1.1.2 Major anatomical regions of interest 14
1.1.3 Histological neuroanatomy 19
1.2 Neuropathological techniques 23
1.2.1 Necropsy techniques 23
1.2.2 Brain sectioning, macroscopic inspection and sampling for histology 24
1.3 Basic tissue reaction patterns 26
1.3.1 Reactions of neurons to injury 26
1.3.2 Oligodendrocytes 32
1.3.3 Astrocytes 32
1.3.4 Microglia/macrophages 34
1.3.5 CSF spaces 35
1.3.6 Blood vessels 35
1.3.7 Disturbance of water balance: edema 36
1.3.8 Artifacts, postmortem degeneration, pseudolesions and old age 38
1.4 Recognizing major lesion patterns 40
1.4.1 The major lesion patterns 40
1.4.2 Lesion distribution pattern 43
1.4.3 Classification of neurological diseases 43
1.4.4 General strategy 45
1.5 Neuropathology in the clinics: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 45
1.5.1 Basic MRI physics 45
1.5.2 Principles of interpretation 46
2: Vascular disorders 50
2.1 Pathophysiology of ischemia 50
2.2 General strategy for diagnosing vascular lesions 50
2.3 Common vascular lesions 51
2.3.1 Vascular lesions of the brain 51
2.3.2 Vascular lesions of the spinal cord 56
2.3.3 Ischemia in the peripheral nervous system and muscles 58
3: Inflammatory diseases 60
3.1 Pathophysiology of inflammation 60
3.1.1 Entry and effect of infectious agents in the nervous system 60
3.1.2 Immune reaction of the host against the infectious agent in the CNS 60
3.1.3 Morphological aspects of the immune response 61
3.2 General strategy for diagnosis of inflammatory lesions 62
3.2.1 Recognizing major inflammatory reaction patterns 63
3.2.2 Determining the distribution pattern of the lesions 64
3.2.3 Specific features 64
3.3 Common CNS infections 66
3.3.1 Neurotropic viral infections 66
3.3.2 Viral granulomatous inflammation 70
3.3.3 Viral vasculitis 72
3.3.4 Viral leukoencephalitis 73
3.3.5 Bacterial infections 75
3.3.6 Mycotic and algal infections 80
3.3.7 Protozoal infections 81
3.3.8 Helminth infections 82
3.4 Non-infectious and immune-mediated inflammatory lesions 84
3.4.1 Definition 84
3.4.2 Neurological diseases assumed to be immune-mediated 85
4: Trauma 93
4.1 Pathophysiology of CNS trauma 93
4.1.1 Pathogenesis of brain trauma 93
4.1.2 Pathogenesis of spinal cord trauma 94
4.2 General strategy for diagnosis of traumatic CNS lesions 96
4.3 Traumatic nervous system diseases 97
4.3.1 Trauma of the brain 97
4.3.2 Traumatic spinal cord lesions 99
4.3.3 Trauma in the peripheral nervous system 101
5: Congenital malformations 104
5.1 Pathophysiology 104
5.1.1 Ontogeny of the CNS 104
5.1.2 Etiology 104
5.2 General strategy for diagnosing anomalies of the CNS 105
5.3 Common malformations 105
5.3.1 Neural tube closure defects 105
5.3.2 Defects of forebrain induction 106
5.3.3 Neuronal migration disorders and sulcation defects 107
5.3.4 Disorders of proliferation or size 108
5.3.5 Encephaloclastic defects 109
5.3.6 Malformations in the caudal fossa and spinal cord 109
5.3.7 Congenital hydrocephalus and other anomalies of CSF pathways 112
6: Metabolic–toxic diseases 118
6.1 General strategy for diagnosis of metabolic–toxic lesions 118
6.1.1 The major patterns 118
6.1.2 Further differential diagnosis 118
6.2 Encephalomalacias/myelomalacias 120
6.2.1 Polioencephalomalacia (PE) or cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) 120
6.2.2 Polioencephalomalacia of subcortical structures and brainstem 126
6.2.3 Poliomyelomalacia 127
6.2.4 Leukoencephalomalacias 128
6.2.5 Encephalomalacias involving both gray and white matter 129
6.3 Acquired metabolic–toxic selective lesions 130
6.3.1 Neuronal degeneration 130
6.3.2 Axonal degeneration 133
6.3.3 Myelin degeneration 133
6.4 Spongy degeneration 134
6.5 Metabolic–toxic lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and skeletal muscle 136
6.5.1 Metabolic–toxic neuropathies 137
6.5.2 Metabolic–toxic myopathies 137
7: Neoplasia 141
7.1 General strategy for diagnosis of neoplastic lesions 141
7.1.1 Clinic and diagnostic imaging 141
7.1.2 Interpretation of gross findings 141
7.1.3 Diagnosis 142
7.1.4 Grading 145
7.2 Tumors of neuroepithelial origin 145
7.2.1 Astrocytomas 145
7.2.2 Oligodendroglioma 149
7.2.3 Mixed gliomas (oligoastrocytomas) 151
7.2.4 Ependymoma 152
7.2.5 Choroid plexus tumors (papillomas and carcinomas) 154
7.2.6 Neuronal and mixed neuronal–glial tumors 155
7.2.7 Embryonal tumors 156
7.3 Tumors of cranial and spinal nerves 157
7.3.1 Benign PNST 157
7.3.2 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) 159
7.4 Tumors of the meninges 159
7.4.1 Meningioma 159
7.4.2 Granular cell tumor 162
7.4.3 Mesenchymal tumors 163
7.5 Lymphomas and hematopoietic tumors 163
7.5.1 Primary T and B cell lymphomas 163
7.5.2 Intravascular lymphoma 163
7.5.3 Metastatic lymphoma 164
7.5.4 Primary CNS histiocytic sarcoma 164
7.6 Germ cell tumors 164
7.6.1 Germinoma 164
7.6.2 Teratoma 165
7.7 Embryonal tumors of non-neuroepithelial origin 165
7.7.1 Thoracolumbar spinal cord tumor (ectopic nephroblastoma) 165
7.8 Secondary or metastatic tumors 166
8: Degenerative diseases 169
8.1 General strategy for differential diagnosis of degenerative lesions 169
8.1.1 Recognizing the major patterns 169
8.1.2 Further analysis 169
8.1.3 Diagnosis 171
8.2 Degeneration of neurons 171
8.2.1 General aspects 171
8.2.2 Motor neuron diseases 171
8.2.3 Cerebellar degenerations 174
8.2.4 Other neuronal degenerations 177
8.3 Axonal degenerations 178
8.3.1 Wallerian-like degenerative axonopathies 178
8.3.2 Axonopathies with prominent axonal swelling 183
8.4 Myelin disorders 185
8.4.1 Leukodystrophies 185
8.4.2 Myelin dysgenesis 189
8.5 Storage diseases 190
8.5.1 Lysosomal storage diseases 190
8.5.2 Neuronal ceroid lipofucsinoses (NCL) 193
8.5.3 Lafora’s disease 193
8.5.4 Acquired lysosomal storage diseases 194
8.6 Spongiform encephalopathies 194
8.6.1 Transmissible degenerative diseases 194
8.6.2 Neuropathology of TSE 195
8.6.3 TSEs in domestic animals 196
8.7 Spongy degenerations 197
8.7.1 Definition and general morphological features 197
8.7.2 Spongy degeneration in branched-chain organic acidurias 198
8.7.3 Spongy degenerations of other causes 199
8.8 Selective symmetrical encephalomalacias (SSE) 199
8.8.1 General morphological features 199
8.8.2 Mitochondrial encephalopathies in people and similar lesions in animals 199
8.9 Degenerative diseases of the peripheral nervous system and muscle 201
8.9.1 Degenerative polyneuropathies 201
8.9.2 Degenerative myopathies 201
Index 205

Rezensionen

"In summary, this is an excellent, well-priced textbook
that will be invaluable to practitioners and particularly residents
in pathology and neurology training." (Veterinary
Pathology, 1 January 2014)

"This book is not only written for specialists but it will
help general practitioners understand better the various mechanisms
of neurological diseases in many different species. The linked
website presents RMI sequences and more neuropathological
findings." (Vets Today, 1 June 2013)

"Add color gross, histological and MRI images and you have
a key reference any veterinary collection must have."
(Midwest Book Reviews, 1 May 2013)

"Thus, 'Veterinary Neuropathology' by
Vandevelde, Higgins and Oevermann is an ideal aid for the visual
approach to structural lesions of the nervous system. If you are a
neurophilic veterinarian, don't leave this book out of your
bookshelf unless it has been translocated already to your desk and
is open in front of your eyes." (Veterinary
Record, 6 April 2013)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.8.2012
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin
• Schlagworte: Neuropathologie • neuropathology, veterinary, MRI, neurological disease • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / bildgebende Verfahren • Veterinärmedizin / Innere Medizin • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / bildgebende Verfahren • Veterinärmedizin / Innere Medizin • Veterinary Imaging • Veterinary Internal Medicine • Veterinary Medicine
• ISBN-10: 1-118-34950-4 / 1118349504
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-34950-2 / 9781118349502