Pharmaceutical Systems (eBook)

Global Perspectives

Aldo Alvarez, David Hamilton, John Lilja, Sam Salek (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 1. Auflage
356 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-0-470-75404-7 (ISBN)

Infos

• Offers a social view of the activities leading to the timely patient access to medicines including: drug research, drug production, drug distribution, drug prescribing, drug information and drug control
• Provides theoretical models to enable pharmacists to understand the organization of drug systems in their particular global territory
• Written specifically with the needs of pharmacy students taking Master's degrees in mind

Professor John Lilja, Department of Social Pharmacy, Finland.

Professor Sam Salek, Reader in Pharmacoepidemiology; Director - WSP Centre for Socioeconomic Research; Director - Postgraduate Course in Pharmaceutical Medicine Cardiff University, UK.

Dr Aldo Alvarez, San Marcos University, Lima, Peru,

Dr David Hamilton, Widening Participation Service, Glasgow University, Glasgow.

Inhalt

Pharmaceutical Systems 3
Contents 7
Preface 11
About the authors 13
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Economic development 15
1.2 Systems analysis 17
1.3 Actors in the pharmaceutical systems 22
1.4 Evaluations 31
1.5 Data collection 34
1.6 Summary of results and formulation of conclusions 34
1.7 Social constructionism and social representation theory 35
1.8 The actor–spectator paradox 39
1.9 Decision-making processes in the drug system 40
1.10 How attitudes and beliefs change – the balance model 43
1.11 Summary 46
References 47
2 A historical perspective of drug research and diffusion 53
2.1 The period of folk medicine 53
2.2 The merchant period (1500 AD to the end of the eighteenth century) 53
2.3 The chemical period (the nineteenth century) 58
2.4 The animal testing period (from 1900 to the end of the 1930s) 61
2.5 The drug innovation period (from 1940 to 1964) 63
2.6 The post-Thalidomide period (1965 to present) 65
2.7 Future perspectives 70
2.8 Summary 70
References 71
3 National drug policies 75
3.1 Efficient organization of drug support 76
3.2 Efficient organization of drug research 77
3.3 Efficient organization of drug production 79
3.4 Efficient organization of drug distribution 80
3.5 An efficient system for drug consumption 82
3.6 A satisfactory system of drug information 83
3.7 Choice of drugs with high therapeutic powers 84
3.8 Choice of drugs with few side effects 89
3.9 Low drug costs 91
3.10 How to develop and implement a national policy 91
3.11 Summary 92
References 92
4 Planning the drug support 95
4.1 Patent and exclusivity policies 95
4.2 Trade name policy vs. generic name policy 98
4.3 Generic and therapeutic substitution 99
4.4 Generic prescribing 101
4.5 Drug registration 102
4.6 Drug reimbursement policies/national health insurance systems 104
4.7 The public and private drug sectors of developing countries 107
4.8 The primary health care policy 109
4.9 The essential drugs (ED) policy 113
4.10 Summary 116
References 117
5 Drug research 123
5.1 Drug company strategies 124
5.2 Factors which determine the resources a drug company spends on R& D
5.3 The selection of research areas by a drug company 129
5.4 The research process 130
5.5 The project decision 132
5.6 The research administration after a project has been accepted 134
5.7 Research productivity 136
5.8 Ethical concerns in drug research 138
5.9 Summary 139
References 140
6 Drug production 143
6.1 Background 143
6.2 Variations between countries 147
6.3 The decision regarding which drug(s) to produce 148
6.4 The organization of production lines 153
6.5 Production of drug raw materials 155
6.6 Drug quality 156
6.7 Principles of technical assistance support 158
6.8 The decision where to locate the plant 159
6.9 Determination of production quantities 160
6.10 Export decisions 160
6.11 Summary 161
References 162
7 Drug prices, cost controls and profits in the drug industry 165
7.1 Price setting of raw drug materials 165
7.2 Price setting of ready-made drugs 168
7.3 Price setting of patented drugs 170
7.4 Price setting of non-patented drugs (generic drugs) 171
7.5 Price Competition 172
7.6 Cost controls 174
7.7 The prices a patient has to pay in the public sector in countries which have a public distribution system 177
7.8 Drug prices at private pharmacies in developing countries 178
7.9 The profits of drug companies 178
7.10 Summary 180
References 181
8 Drug wholesaling and procurement 185
8.1 Importation 186
8.2 Different types of wholesale systems 187
8.3 How to evaluate a wholesaling system 188
8.4 Procurement 190
8.5 Summary 192
References 192
9 Drug retail distribution 195
9.1 Pharmaceutical care 196
9.2 The degree of formal government control of outpatient pharmacies 198
9.3 Drug distribution aims 202
9.4 Summary 214
References 214
10 Drug consumption 219
10.1 Historical perspective 219
10.2 Measurement of drug consumption 220
10.3 Factors which determine the volume of a drug consumed in a country 223
10.4 Factors found to be related to the volume of drug consumption 225
10.5 Factors which influence drug consumption at the individual level 227
10.6 Qualitative studies of drug consumption 229
10.7 Summary 230
References 231
11 Marketing of drugs 233
11.1 Historical background 233
11.2 The contextual factors which affect the diffusion of a drug 235
11.3 The marketing goals of drug companies 236
11.4 Factors determining what a drug company spends on the marketing of a new drug 237
11.5 The relative effects of different media and messages in commercial drug information to prescribers 242
11.6 Commercial media directed at the general public 244
11.7 A national perspective on commercial drug information 244
11.8 Summary 247
References 247
12 The market structure 251
12.1 The existing international market structure 251
12.2 The market structure in a specific country 253
12.3 Summary 254
References 255
13 Drug control 257
13.1 Definition of drug control 257
13.2 Process model of the drug control system in a country 258
13.3 The processes to ensure that each aspect of drug control complies with the necessary norms or standards 261
13.4 Control measures 262
13.5 Clinical trials 265
13.6 Summary 265
References 266
14 Drug prescribing 269
14.1 Normative studies 269
14.2 Sociological studies 272
14.3 Information process studies of drug prescribing 274
14.4 Prescription studies based on a cognitive perspective 276
14.5 How standard selections change 281
14.6 Making a diagnosis 282
14.7 Placebo prescribing 283
14.8 Summary 284
References 285
15 Patients’ attitudes and behaviour 291
15.1 Background 291
15.2 Explanatory models 292
15.3 A process model: how a layperson deals with medical symptoms 294
15.4 OTC drugs 302
15.5 Patient compliance 303
15.6 Summary 308
References 308
16 Drug information 315
16.1 Background 315
16.2 The role of mass media 317
16.3 Drug information sources used 319
16.4 Drug information from a sender’s perspective 322
16.5 Mass media campaigns 327
16.6 The value problem 328
16.7 Summary 329
References 330
Index 333

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.5.2008
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
• Schlagworte: Chemie • Chemistry • Medical Science • Medizin • Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry • Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Medicine • Pharmakologie u. Pharmazeutische Medizin • Pharmazeutische Medizin • Pharmazeutische u. Medizinische Chemie
• ISBN-10: 0-470-75404-4 / 0470754044
• ISBN-13: 978-0-470-75404-7 / 9780470754047