Human-Machine Interface (eBook)

Making Healthcare Digital

Rishabha Malviya, Sonali Sundram, Bhupendra Prajapati, Sudarshan Kumar Singh (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2023
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-394-20032-0 (ISBN)

Infos

HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE

The book contains the latest advances in healthcare and presents them in the frame of the Human-Machine Interface (HMI).

The Human-Machine Interface (HMI) industry has witnessed the evolution from a simple push button to a modern touch-screen display. HMI is a user interface that allows humans to operate controllers for machines, systems, or instruments. Most medical procedures are improved by HMI systems, from calling an ambulance to ensuring that a patient receives adequate treatment on time.

This book describes the scenario of biomedical technologies in the context of the advanced HMI, with a focus on direct brain-computer connection. The book describes several HMI tools and related techniques for analyzing, creating, controlling, and upgrading healthcare delivery systems, and provides details regarding how advancements in technology, particularly HMI, ensure ethical and fair use in patient care.

Audience

The target audience for this book is medical personnel and policymakers in healthcare and pharmaceutical professionals, as well as engineers and researchers in computer science and artificial intelligence.

Rishabha Malviya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University. He has authored more than 150 research/review papers for national/international journals of repute. He has been granted more than 10 patents from different countries while a further 40 patents either published or under evaluation. His areas of interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, localized drug delivery and characterization of natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients.

Sonali Sundram, PhD and MPharm, completed her doctorate in pharmacy and is currently working at Galgotias University, Greater Noida. Her areas of interest are neurodegeneration, clinical research, and artificial intelligence. She has edited 4 books.

Bhupendra Prajapati, PhD and MPharm, is a Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree S.K.Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Gujarat, India. He has more than 20 years of academic and research experience and has published more than 100 research and review papers in international and national Journals. He has published two Indian patents and has three applications under evaluation.

Sudarshan Kumar Singh, PhD, is a postdoctoral research associate in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anisabad Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. His areas of interest are the fabrication of 3D-printed pharmaceutical products and microneedles for effective therapy against life-threatening diseases. He has received many awards for Reinventing Chiang Mai University Postdoctoral fellowship.

Textauszug

1
Introduction to Human-Machine Interface

Shama Mujawar1*, Aarohi Deshpande1, Aarohi Gherkar1, Samson Eugin Simon2 and Bhupendra Prajapati3

1MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research, MIT-Art, Design and Technology University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune, India

2Department of Hematology, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Shree S.K., Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Gujarat, India

Abstract

Human-machine interface or HMI is quite omnipresent today due to its innumerable advantages in various fields from basic everyday vending machines to massive and complex industrial operations. Its only goal is to make machines more user-friendly and automatic so that they may be operated with a single-button press as opposed to having it done manually. It is incredibly helpful in some of the most significant healthcare and life sciences areas by allowing lucid and coherent communication between a human and a machine. By providing efficient patient monitoring systems and keeping track of some of the crucial factors like blood pressure, oxygen levels, ECG monitors, etc. They can aid in speeding up the recovery of patients. Another regular execution of HMI in medical systems is the display monitors in hospitals, interfaces of medical equipment, touch screen devices, etc. portraying the accurate levels of a patient’s daily health status. One of the main advantages of HMI is its potential to bridge the communication gaps even when physicians could not treat patients during pandemics like COVID. It has provided us with systems that can interconnect monitors in hospitals, which feed into a single or wide range of computers to consistently be updated about a patient’s doses, medicine timings, treatment plan, etc. The capability of software or hardware to be able to transmit appropriate information to an end user in an uncomplicated way is what makes HMI more personalized and handier to the entire population. In this chapter, we have introduced HMI along with its origins and history and highlighted some of its most significant uses in various industries. Applications from areas, such as medicine, manufacturing, automation and processing, biomedical engineering, robotic surgery, etc., have also been highlighted, illuminating the function that HMIs and AI play and demonstrate how they have been a consistent support in a multitude of fields.

Keywords: Human-machine interface, Covid-19, SCADA, healthcare, biomedical

1.1 Introduction

Man has long desired a more transparent and cordial relationship with machines. In the beginning, was the push button, and with the push button were the lights and the switches. After that, hardwired gadgets turned into electronic panels, and the integrated circuit came into existence. The advancement in electronics has paved the way for operators to communicate with machines seamlessly, be it to monitor the machine data or send the data to operate the machines. From push buttons to PCs, text-based to graphical, CRT to LCD, the shape and role of what has come to be called “visualization” has changed dramatically over a few short years. Human-machine interface also sometimes referred to computer–human interface, man–machine interface, or human–computer interface [1], from an industrialist’s perspective can be defined as an “eye” through which an operator views and controls the machine or a whole plant’s worth of machinery or equipment. It is a part of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. SCADA is a generic term for any computerized system that can acquire data, process it, and apply operational controls over great distances, such as a pipeline system or a power transmission and distribution network [2]. HMIs are designed for better usability by specific users to achieve their specific goals. The design of an HMI depends on the application for which it has to be used [2]. It is and rather should be customized according to the operators of certain management that use interfaces to control their systems (Table 1.1).

A typical HMI consists of two components: hardware and software components. The hardware part of HMI has a processor (can be 16- or 32-bit), data storage, an input, and display unit, a membrane switch (works to open and close the electronic circuit), a rubber keypad, several types of pushbuttons (illuminated, double, door opening/closing) and switches, such as emergency stop, keylock, and ID switches, lever switches, illuminated selector switches, universal switches, etc. [3–5]. The HMI software has two main types: supervisory level and machine level. The supervisory level is more commonly used for control room environments, whereas the machine level uses multiple machine-level devices embedded within the production facility [6]. Another major component that works with HMIs is the PLCs or programmable logic controllers. The main purpose of using these is to monitor and control processes and automate systems. In order to manage any task that may be readily carried out once understood by the user, the HMI systems feature a graphical interface that consists of a variety of images, buttons, clicks, videos, gifs, and animations [7]. These interfaces, which are built into large machineries like factories, multinational corporations, and industries, make it convenient to operate equipment on a daily basis without having to pay attention to them constantly. They also allow users to communicate instructions via the PLC (for example, Touchscreen). In addition to sending out orders, they also collect and transmit feedback data from the PLC which is displayed on the screen [8].

Table 1.1 HMI and SCADA.

HMI	SCADA

Human-machine interface Is the hardware and software through which operators can monitor and control equipment in an industrial environment Includes touchscreen, buttons, etc.

Supervisory control and data acquisition Used to monitor and control on a larger scale such as an industrial plant, oil and gas pipelines, electrical substations, etc. Include several other systems (PLCs, RTUs, sensors, and HMI)

Some of the most desirable advantages provided by HMIs include the conversion of hardware into software and the facilitation of human-machine interaction. To begin with, HMI increases User Satisfaction. Any industry (manufacturing, automotive, processing, etc.) that deals with the exchange of information between a human and a machine can benefit from having an HMI because it makes systems simpler and easier to understand, making them much easier to use and ramping up user satisfaction with the tasks they are given to complete. It also makes operations easier by digitizing several functions that can be used to track, control, and assist other systems. Second of all, HMIs are customizable. Every industry has very different needs and priorities in terms of process control and monitoring. HMIs can represent different equipment shapes and functions which differ from industry to industry. For example, a manufacturing plant may have huge vessels, such as bioreactors, whereas a packaging plant may be more compact with robotic assembly lines. Taking into consideration these differences, an HMI can be customized to suit the needs. Third, HMIs are convenient and safe. With HMIs, one does not need to go to the equipment to start or stop them. It can be controlled remotely. This makes it convenient and safe for the operators. For example, consider a pump in a plant that is located in a hazardous area such as a crude oil refinery, which must be operated and troubleshooted remotely. HMI can provide the necessary functions. Lastly, HMIs are cost effective. By eliminating a lot of the manual work (documentation and keeping a track record) done in various industries, HMIs reduce the amount of manual intervention that is required to analyze and store information, especially in a batch process. This is beneficial to a firm financially as it helps reduce labor costs by automating the systems that do not require any external resources to intercede in their processes. Since the information is stored on a cloud, the storage cost is reduced and promotes a paper-free environment.

HMIs are ubiquitous in today’s era. They can be found in almost every industry, including food processing, pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, automobile industry, Household applications, Smart technology, etc. This chapter has discussed some of the applications of HMI in various industries, including pharmaceutical, in brief, and also the potential of HMI lying in the biological field.

1.2 Types of HMI

HMIs can be broadly categorized into three basic types: the pushbutton replacer, the data handler, and the overseer [9].

1.2.1 The Pushbutton Replacer

The main purpose of the pushbutton replacer is to act as a control function for switches, ON/OFF buttons, LEDs, or any other mechanical device in the overall architecture. This has reduced manufacturing functions by combining all the different tasks for each button into a central spot. The visual representation of all these devices is displayed on the screen, which also performs the same function, making the integration of the devices more likely.

1.2.2 The Data Handler

This...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 16.10.2023
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Schlagworte: Artificial Intelligence • Big Data • biomedical engineering • Biomedizintechnik • biopharma industry • Computer Science • Diagnosis • Digital transformation • Healthcare • Human • Informatics • Informatik • Informatik in der Radiologie • Künstliche Intelligenz • machine • machine learning • Medical Devices • Medical Informatics & Biomedical Information Technology • Medical Science • Medizin • Medizininformatik u. biomedizinische Informationstechnologie • Personalized medicine • R and D innovation • Safety • telemedicine
• ISBN-10: 1-394-20032-3 / 1394200323
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-20032-0 / 9781394200320