Networks and Telecommunications
John Wiley & Sons Inc (Verlag)
978-0-471-97346-1 (ISBN)
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* Technical accounts of modern voice, data and multimedia networks
* Coverage of ATM, B-ISDN, SDH, mobile radio and satellite networks, Internet and TCP/IP
* Practical aspects of running and setting-up networks
* Running a business based on telecommunications
A text specifically for readers new to the whole subject of telecommunications, and professional telecommunications managers who need an introduction and reference work on all aspects of technology, operational techniques and regulation.
Martin P. Clark is a freelance consultant in telecommunications, IT, business management and strategy. A veteran of the public telecommunications services industry, Martin planned international telephone networks for British Telecom International in the early 1980s – when it was still part of the UK Post Office. Having experienced the privatisation of British Telecom and market deregulation in the UK, Martin moved to Germany in the early 1990s, where he wrote the business plan and project managed the first fixed network competitor to Deutsche Telekom. The company became Vodafone Germany. Since the late 1990s, Martin has been involved in a number of successful technology start-ups, as well as a NASDAQ IPO, and amassed a huge breadth of technological experience, covering data networking, broadband, radio and mobile networks. Martin works as an independent consultant in telecommunications, IT and business strategy.
Summary
Part 1 Fundamentals of telecommunications networks 1
Part 2 Modern telephone networks 211
Part 3 Modern data networks 339
Part 4 Multimedia networks 437
Part 5 Running a network 475
Part 6 Setting up networks 741
Part 7 Specific Businesses and networks 777
Preface xxi
About the Author xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Part 1 Fundamentals of Telecom Networks 1
1 Information and its Conveyance 3
1.1 Types of Information 6
1.2 Telecommunications Systems 6
1.3 A Basic Telecommunications System 7
1.4 Common Types of Telecommunications Systems 8
1.5 Networks 9
1.6 Connection-oriented Transport. Service (COTS) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) 11
1.7 Circuit-, Packet- and Cell-switched Networks 12
1.8 Considerations for Network Planners 14
1.9 Technical Standards for Telecommunications Systems 15
2 Introduction to Signal Transmission and the Basic Line Circuit 17
2.1 Analogue and Digital Transmission 17
2.2 Telegraphy 19
2.3 Telephony 21
2.4 Received Signal Strength, Sidetone and Echo 23
2.5 Automatic Systems: Central Battery and Exchange Calling 24
2.6 Real Communications Networks 27
3 Long-haul Communication 29
3.1 Attenuation and Repeaters 29
3.2 Line Loading 31
3.3 Amplification 32
3.4 Two-and Four-wire Circuits 35
3.5 Equalization 36
3.6 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 37
3.7 Crosstalk and Attenuation on PDM Circuits 41
4. Data and the Binary Code System 43
4.1 The Binary Code 43
4.2 Electrical Representation and Storage of Binary Code Numbers 44
4.3 Using the Binary Code to Represent Textual Information 45
4.4 Morse Code 46
4.5 Baudot Code (Alphabet IA2) 46
4.6 ASCII 47
4.7 EBCDIC 49
4.8 Use of the Binary Code to Convey Graphical Images 49
4.9 Facsimile 49
4.10 Digital Transmission 52
5 Digital Transmission and Pulse Code Modulation 55
5.1 Digital Transmission 55
5.2 Pulse Code Modulation 57
5.3 Quantization 60
5.4 Quantization Noise 61
5.5 Time Division Multiplexing 61
5.6 Higher Bit Rates of Digital Line Systems 64
5.7 Digital Frame Formatting and ‘Justification’ 65
5.8 Interworking the 2Mbit/s and 1.5 Mbit/s Hierarchies 60
5.9 Synchronous Frame Formatting 70
5.10 Line Coding 71
5.11 Other Line Codes and their Limitations 74
6 The Principles of Switching 77
6.1 Circuit-switched Exchanges 77
6.2 Call Blocking within the Switch Matrix 82
6.3 Full and Limited Availability 83
6.4 Fan-in-Fan-out Switch Architecture 86
6.5 Switch Hardware Types 88
6.6 Stronger Switching 88
6.7 Crossbar Switching 96
6.8 Reed Relay Switching 100
6.9 Digital Switching 101
6.10 Packet and Cell Switches 106
7 Setting up and Clearing Connections 109
7.1 Alerting the Called Customer 109
7.2 Automatic Networks 110
7.3 Set Up 110
7.4 Number Translation 115
7.5 Unsuccessful Calls 117
7.6 Inter-exchange and International Signalling 118
7.7 The R2 Signalling System 121
7.8 R2 Line Signalling 122
7.9 Compelled or Acknowledged Signalling 126
7.10 R2 Inter-register, Multi-frequency Code (MFC) Signalling 127
7.11 Digital Line Systems and Channel-associated Signalling 131
7.12 Signalling Interworking 132
7.13 Advanced Signalling Applications 133
7.14 Signalling Sequance Diagrams 133
7.15 Call Set-up and Information Transfer in Data Networks 136
7.16 Network Interfaces: UNI, NNI, INI, ICI, SNI 137
7.17 Information Transfer in Connectionless Networks 139
8 Transmission Systems 141
8.1 Audio Circuits 141
8.2 Standard Twisted Pair Cable Types for Indoor Use 143
8.3 Transverse Screen and Coaxial Cable Transmission 143
8.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 145
8.5 HDSL (High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subseiber Line) 148
8.6 Optical Fibres 148
8.7 Radio 153
8.8 Radio Wave Propagation 155
8.9 Radio Antennas 157
8.10 Surface-wave Radio Systems 161
8.11 High Frequency (HF) Radio 161
8.12 Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio 161
8.13 Microwave Radio 163
8.14 Tropospheric Scatter 166
8.15 Satellite Systems 167
8.16 ‘Multiple Access’ Radio and Satellite Systems 172
8.17 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) 175
9 Data Network Principles and Protocols 177
9.1 Computer Networks 177
9.2 Basic Data Conveyance: Introducing the DTE and the DCE 178
9.3 Modulation of Digital Information over Analogue Lines Using a Modem 180
9.4 High Bit Rate Modems 181
9.5 Modem ‘constellations’ 182
9.6 Computer-to-network Interfaces 186
9.7 Synchronization 189
9.8 Bit Synchronization 190
9.9 Character Synchronization: Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer 191
9.10 Handshaking 192
9.11 Protocols for Transfer of Data 193
9.12 The Open Systems Interconnection Model 194
9.13 Data Message Format 199
9.14 Implementation of Layered Protocol Networks 201
9.15 The Use of Null Layers 204
9.16 Other Layered Protocols 204
9.17 Data Network Types 205
9.18 Point-to-point Data Networks 205
9.19 Circuit-switched Data Networks 206
9.20 Packet-switched Data Networks 207
9.21 Practical Computer Networks 209
Part 2 Modern Telephone Networks 211
10 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 213
10.1 The Concept of ISDN 213
10.2 Bearer, Supplementary and Teleservices 214
10.3 ISDN Interfaces and End-user Applications 215
10.4 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 216
10.5 The S/T Interface Specification 216
10.6 Use of the Basic Rate Interface 219
10.7 ISDN Terminals 221
10.8 Primary Rate Interface 222
10.9 The Public Network and ISDN 224
10.10 Deployment of ISDN 225
10.11 The Marketing of ISDN and the Early User Benefits 226
10.12 Network Interworking 227
10.13 Companies’ Private ISDNs (Corporate ISDN) 227
10.14 Broadband Services over ISDN 229
11 Intelligent Networks and Services 231
11.1 The Concept of Intelligent Networks 231
11.2 Intelligent Network Architecture 232
11.3 The Service Control Point (SCP) 233
11.4 The Service Switching Point (SSP) 234
11.5 The Service Management System (SMS) and Service Creation Environment (SCE) 234
11.6 Benefits of Intelligent Networks 235
11.7 Intelligent Network (IN) Services 235
11.8 Calling Card 236
11.9 Freephone Service (or 800 Service) 237
11.10 900 Service 239
11.11 Centrex Service and Virtual Private Network 239
11.12 Line Information Database (LIBD) 241
11.13 Televoting 243
11.14 Cellular Radio Telephone Service 244
11.15 Network Intelligence and PBXs 245
11.16 Voicemail and Voice Response Systems 246
11.17 Considerations Before Introducing IN to a Network 248
11.18 The Future of Intelligent Networks 248
12 Signalling System No. 7 249
12.1 SS7 Signalling between Exchanges 249
12.2 SS7 Signalling Networks 251
12.3 The Structure of SS7 Signalling 253
12.4 The Message Transfer Part (MTP) 254
12.5 The User Parts of SS7 256
12.6 The Telephone User Part (TUP) 257
12.7 The Data User Part (DUP) 258
12.8 The Integrated Services User Parts (ISUP) 258
12.9 The Enhanced Telephone User Part (TUP+) 258
12.10 The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 258
12.11 Transaction Capabilities (TC) 261
12.12 The Mobile Application Part (MAP) 263
12.13 Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) 263
12 14 Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) 264
12.15 The Use and Evolution of CCITT7 Signalling 264
12.16 Signalling Network Planning and Testing 265
12.17 Interconnection of SS7 Networks 266
13 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 267
13.1 History of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDII) 267
13.2 The Problems of PDH Transmission 267
13.3 The Multiplexing Structure of SDII 270
13.4 The Tributaries of SDH 273
13.5 Path Overhead 276
13.6 Section Overhead (SOH) 276
13.7 Network Topology of SDH Networks 277
13.8 Optical Interfaces for SDH 278
13.9 Management of SDH Networks 278
13.10 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) 279
13.11 SDII and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 280
14 Operator Assistance and Manual Services 281
14.1 Manual Network Operation 281
14.2 Semi-automatic·Telephony 282
14.3 Ca1ling the Operator 287
14.4 Operator Privileges 288
14.5 Typical Assistance Services 289
14.6 Cooperation between International Operators: Code 11 and Code 12 Services 291
14.7 A Modern Operator Switchroom 293
14.8 Operator Assistance on Telex Networks 294
14.9 Operator Assistance on Data Networks 294
15 Mobile Telephone Networks
15.1 Radio Telephone Service 297
15.2 Cellular Radio 299
15.3 Making Cellular Radio Calls 303
15.4 Tracing Cellular Radio Handsets 304
15.5 Early Cellular Radio Networks 305
15.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 307
15.7 GSM Technology 308
15.8 Personal Communications Network (PCN) and DCS- 1800 311
15.9 Aeronautical and Maritime Mobile Communication8 Services 313
15.10 Tridium, Globalstar and the Evolution Towards the Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) 314
16 Cordless Telephony and Radio in the Local Loop (RILL) 319
16.1 The Drive for Radio in the Local Loop 319
16.2 Fixed Networks Based on Radio Technology 320
16.3 Cordless Telephones 321
16.4 Telepoint or Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) 322
16.5 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephony) 323
16.6 DECT Handover 325
16.7 The Radio Relay Station Concept in DECT 325
16.8 The DECT Air Interface (D3-intcrface) 326
16.9 Other ISDN Wireless Local loop Systems 328
16.10 Shorthaul Point-to-multipoint (PMP) Microwave Radio 328
17 Fibre in the Loop (FITL) and Other Access Networks 329
17.1 Fibre Access Networks 329
17.2 Fibre to the Building (FTTB) 329
17.3 Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) 330
17.4 Fibre to the Home (FTTH) 33l
17.5 Broadband Passive Optical Network 331
17.6 Access Network Interfaces 332
17.7 ETSI V5 Interfaces 333
17.8 V5.2 Interface 335
17.9 V5.1 Interface 336
17.10 Significance of the V5.x Interfaces 336
17.11 Re-use of Existing Copper Access Networks 337
17.12 IIDSL (High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line) 337
17.13 ADSI. (Asymmmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 337
17.14 Hybrid Fibre/Coax (HFC) Networks 338
Part 3 Modern Data Networks 339
18 Packet Switching 341
18.1 Packet Switching Basics 341
18.2 Transmission Delay in Packet-switched Networks 343
18.3 Routing in Packet-switched Networks 344
18.4 ITU-T Recommendation X.25 346
18.5 The Technical Details of X.25 348
18.6 X.25 Link Access Procedure (LAP and LAPB) 348
18.7 X.25 Packet Level Interface (Layer 3 Protocol) 350
18.8 Typical Parameter Default Settings Used in X.25 Networks 354
18.9 Packet Assembler/Disassemblers (PADs) 355
18.10 ITU-T Recommendation X.75 358
18.11 When X.25 Packet Switching May and May Not Be Used 360
18.12 Alternatives to X.25-based Packet Switching 361
18.13 IBM’s ‘Systems Network Architecture’ 361
18.14 APPN (Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking) 366
19 Local Area Networks (LANs) 367
19.1 The Emergence of LANs 367
19.2 LAN Topologies and Standards 367
19.3 CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3, ISO 8802.3): Ethernet 369
19.4 Token Bus (IEEE 802.4, ISO 8802.4) 371
19.5 Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) 372
19.6 Logical Link Control for LANs 374
19.7 LAN Operating Software and LAN Servers 374
19.8 Interconnection of LANs: Bridges, Routers and Gateways 375
20 Frame Relay 379
20.1 The Throughput Limitations of X.25 Packet Switching 379
20.2 The Need for Faster Response Data Networks 381
20.3 The Emergence and use of Frame Relay 383
20.4 Frame Relay UNI 383
20.5 Frame Relay SVC Service 384
20.6 Congestion Control in Frame Relay networks 384
20.7 Frame Relay NNI 386
20.8 Frame Format 386
20.9 Address Field Format 387
20.10 TTU-T Recommendations Pertinent to Frame Relay 388
20.11 FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) 388
21 Campus and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 391
21.1 Fibre Distributed Data Interface 391
21.2 Switched Multimega bit Digital Services (SMDS) 394
21.3 The Demise of MANs 398
22 Electronic Mail, Internet and Electronic Message Services 399
22.1 Videotext 399
22.2 Electronic Mail (e-mail) 400
22.3 Addressing Schemes for Electronic Mail 402
22.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of e-mail 403
22.5 EDI: Corporate Communication with Customers and Suppliers via e-mail 404
22.6 Internet 405
22.7 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 407
22.8 Common Applications Using TCP/IP 408
22.9 The Internet Protocol 410
22.10 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 410
22.11 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 410
22.12 Online Database Services 410
23 The Message Handling System (MHS) 413
23.1 The Need for MHS 413
23.2 The Concept of MHS 413
23.3 The MHS Model 414
23.4 Layered Representation of MHS 417
23.5 The Structure of MHS Messages and MHS Addresses 419
23.6 MHS Management Domains 420
23.7 MHS and the OSI Directory Service 421
23.8 Message Conversion and Conveyance Using MHS 421
23.9 Setting Up a Message Handling System 422
23.10 File Transfer Access and Jv1anagcment (FTAM) 424
23.11 Summary 424
24 Mobile and Radio Data Networks 425
24.1 Radiopaging 425
24.2 Mobile Data Networks 429
24.3 TETRA (Trans-European Trunked Radio System) 431
24.4 Wireless LANs 432
24.5 Radiodetermination Satellite Services (RDSS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) 436
Part 4 Multimedia Networks 437
25 Broadband, Multimedia Networks and the B-ISDN 439
25.1 Multimedia Applications: the Driver for Broadband Networks 439
25.2 Video Communication 441
25.3 The Emergence of the B-ISDN 441
25.4 The Services to be Offered by B-ISDN 441
25.5 The Emergence of the ATM Switching Technique as the Heart of ATM 442
25.6 Connection Types Supported by B-ISDN 443
25.7 User Device Connection to B-ISDN 446
25.8 Evolution to Broadband-ISDN 449
26 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 451
26.1 A Flexible Transmission Medium 451
26.2 Statistical Multiplexing and the Evolution of Cell Relay Switching 452
26.3 The Problems to be Solved by Cell Relay 453
26.4 The Technique of Cell Relay 454
26.5 The ATM Cell Header 455
26.6 The Components of an ATM Network 456
26.7 The ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 458
26.8 ATM Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths 458
26.9 User, Control and Management Planes 459
26.10 How is a Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Set Up? 460
26.11 Signalling Virtual Channels and Meta-signalling Virtual Channels 461
26.12 Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) and Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs) 462
26.13 Information Content and Format or the ATM Cell Header 464
26.14 ATM Protocol Layers 465
26.15 The ATM Transport Network 465
26.16 Capability of the ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 467
26.17 Protocol Stack when Communicating via an ATM Transport Network 468
26.18 ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM) 469
26.19 ATM Forum Network Reference Model 471
26.20 ATM Forum Network Management Model 472
Part 5 Running A Network 475
27 Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) 477
27.1 The Problems of Managing Networks 477
27.2 Network Provisioning 479
27.3 Umbrella Network Management Systems 480
27.4 The Q3-interface, the Common Management Information Protocol (CIMP) and the Concept of Managed Objects (MO) 483
27.5 The ISO Management Model 485
27.6 TMN Management Function Model 486
27.7 The Network Management Forum (NMF), OMNI point and SPIRIT 487
27.8 Realization of a TMN 487
27.9 Example of Early TMN Realization 488
27.10 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 489
27.11 Summary of TMN Benefits 489
27.12 Telecommunications Intelligent Network Architecture (TINA) 490
28 Network Routing, Interconnection and Interworking 491
28.1 The Need for a Network Routing Plan 491
28.2 Network Routing Objectives and Constraints 494
28.3 The Administration or Routing Table 497
28.4 Routing Protocols Used in Modern Networks 499
28.5 Network Topology State and the ‘Hello State Machine’ 500
28.6 Signalling Impact upon Routing and Call Set-up Delays 503
28.7 Plausibility Check During umber Analysis 504
28.8 Network Interconnection 504
28.9 Network Interconnection Services 505
28.10 Interconnect 506
28.11 Equal Access 506
28.12 Number Portability 507
28.13 Shared Use of Access Network Ducts and Cables 507
28.14 Pitfalls of Interconnection 508
28.15 The Point of Interconnection and Collocation 508
28.16 The Interconnection Contract 509
28.17 Interworking 510
29 Network Numbering and Addressing Plans 513
29.1 The International Telephone Numbering Plan 513
29.2 International Public Data Network Address Scheme 520
29.3 Escape Codes 521
29.4 Telex Network Numbering Plan (ITU-T F.69) 524
29.5 X.500: The Addressing Plan for the Message Handling Service (MHS) 524
29.6 Internet Addressing Scheme 525
29.7 Internet e-mail (STMP) Addresses 526
29.8 Network Addresing Schemes Used in Support of
Broadband-ISDN and ATM 527
30 Teletraffic Theory 529
30.1 Telecommunications Traffic 529
30.2 Traffic Intensity (Circuit-switched Networks) 530
30.3 Practical Traffic Intensity (Erlang) Measurement 531
30.4 The Busy Hour 533
30.5 The Formula for Traffic Intensity 535
30.6 The Traffic-carrying Capacity of a Single Circuit 536
30.7 Dimensioning Circuit-switched Networks 539
30.8 Example Route Dimensioning 542
30.9 Call Waiting Systems 543
30.10 Dimensioning Data Networks 546
30.11 Pollaczek–Khinchine Delay Formula 550
30.12 Practical Dimensioning of Networks 551
30.13 Appendix: The Derivation of Erlang’s Formula 551
31 Traffic Monitoring and Forecasting 555
31.1 Measuring Network Usage 555
31.2 Usage Monitoring in Circuit-Switched Networks 556
31.3 Traffic Intensity 556
31.4 Total Usage Monitoring 558
31.5 Number of Calls Attempted 560
31.6 Number of Calls Completed 561
31.7 Monitoring Usage of Data Networks 562
31.8 Forecasting Models for Predicting Future Network Use 564
31.9 Fitting the Forecasting Model 567
31.10 Other Forecasting Models 569
32 Network Traffic Control 571
32.1 Networks 571
32.2 Sizing Circuit-switched Networks 572
32.3 Hierarchical Network 573
32.4 Overflow or ‘Automatic Alternative Routing’ (AAR) 577
32.5 Wilkinson Rapp Equivalent Random Method 579
32.6 Dimensioning ‘Final Routes’ 581
32.7 Trunk Reservation 581
32.8 ‘Crankback’ or ‘Automatic Re-routing’ (ARR) 584
32.9 Proportionate Bidding Facility (PBF) 585
32.10 Dynamic Routing 585
32.1·1 Routing and Traffic Control in Data Networks 586
32.12 Network Design 588
32.13 Appendix: The Wilkinson -Rapp Route Dimensioning Method 590
33 Practical Network Transmission Planning 593
33.1 Network Transmission Plan 593
33.2 Send and Receive Reference Equivalents 594
33.3 Connection Reference Points and Overall Reference Equivalent 596
33.4 Measuring Network Loss 598
33.5 Correcting Signal Strength 599
33.6 The Control of Sidetone 602
33.7 The Problem or Echo 602
33.8 Echo Control and Circuit Instability 603
33.9 Signal (or ‘Propagation’) Delay 606
33.10 Noise and Crosstalk 607
33.11 Signal Distortion 608
33.12 Transmission Plan for Digital and ‘Data’ Networks 609
33.13 International Transmission Plan 612
33.14 Private Network Transmission Plan 613
33.15 Circuit and Transmission System Line-up 613
33.16 Network Resource Management 613
33.17 Circuit Provisining Planning 615
33.18 New Cable Planning 616
33.19 Local Line Planning 618
33.20 Trunk and International Line Planning 623
33.21 Radio Transmission Systems 623
33.22 Satellite Transmission Management 628
34 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 633
34.1 Framework for Performance Management 633
34.2 Quality: A Marketing View 635
34.3 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 636
34.4 Quality of Service Parameters 640
34.5 Generic Network Performance Parameters 640
34.6 Performance Monitoring Functions of Modern Networks 642
34.7 Network Performance Planning and Measurement 642
34.8 A Few Practical Tips 646
34.9 Summary 646
35 Charging and Accounting for Network Use 647
35.1 Recompense for Network Use 647
35.2 Customer Subscription Charges 648
35.3 Customer Usage Charges 648
35.4 Pulse Metering 649
35.5 Electronic Ticketing 652
35.6 Accounting 652
35.7 Route Destination Accounting 654
35.8 Charging and Accounting on Data Networks 655
35.9 Charging and Accounting for Manual (Operator) Assistance 656
35.10 Charging and Accounting for Leased Circuits 657
35.11 Charging Payphone Calls 657
35.12 Customer Billing 657
35.13 Setting Customer Charges and Accounting Rates 658
35.14 Network Costs and How to Recharge Them 660
35.15 Future Accounting and Charging Practices 662
36 Maintaining the Network 663
36.1 The Objectives of General Maintenance 663
36.2 Maintenance Philosophy 663
36.3 Maintenance Organization 665
36.4 Centralized Operation and Maintenance 666
36.5 Lining Up Analogue and Mixed Analogue/Digital Circuits 667
36.6 High Grade Data Circuit Line-up 671
36. 7 Lining C p Digital Circuits 673
36.8 Performance Objectives 674
36.9 Maintenance ‘Access Points’ 675
36.10 Localizing Network Faults 676
36.11 Hardware Faults 679
36.12 Software Fault 679
36.13 Change Control Procedure for Hardware and Software 680
37 Containing Network Overload 683
37.1 The Effect of Congestion 683
37.2 Network Monitoring 684
37.3 Network Management Controls 687
37.4 Expansive Control Actions 688
37.5 Restrictive Control Actions 691
37.6 Network Management Systems 694
38 Network Economy Measures 695
38.1 Cost Minimization 695
38.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 696
38.3 Time Division Multiplexing (FDM) 698
38.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 699
38.5 Circuit Multiplication Equipment (CME) 699
38.6 Speech Interpolation and Statistical Multiplexing 699
38.7 Analogue Bandwidth Compression and Low Rate Encoding of PCM 703
38.8 Data Multiplexors 706
38.9 Data Compression 707
38.10 Practical Uses of CME 707
38.11 Constraints on the Use of CME 709
39 Network Security Measures 711
39.1 The Trade-off between Confidentiality and Interconnectivity 711
39.2 Different Types of Protection 712
39.3 Encryption 713
39.4 Network Access Control 713
39.5 Path Protection 714
39.6 Destination Access Control 715
39.7 Specific Technical Risks 716
39.8 Carelessness 717
39.9 Call Records 718
39.10 Mimicked Identity 718
39.11 Radio Transmission, LANs and Other Broadcast-type Media 718
39.12 EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) 719
39.13 Message Switching Networks 719
39.14 Other Types of Network Abuse 720
40 Technical Standards for Networks 723
40.1 The Need for Standards 723
40.2 Worldwide International Standards Organizations 724
40.3 Regional and National Standards Organizations 727
40.4 Regulatory Standards Organizations 732
40.5 Other Standards-promoting ‘Fora’ 734
40.6 Proprietary Standards 736
40.7 The Structure and Content of ITU-T Recommendations 738
Part 6 Setting Up Networks
41 Building, Extending and Replacing Networks 743
41.1 Matching Network Capacity to Forecast Demand 743
41.2 Other Factors Affecting the Need for New Exchanges 748
41.3 Factors in Determining an Exchange Provision Programme 749
41.4 Determining a Strategy for Network Evolution 750
41.5 Comparison of Strategy Options 754
41.6 Exchange Design and Specification 754
41.7 Outline Circuit-switched Design: Circuit Numbers and Traffic Balance 756
41.8 Outline Design of Other Types of Network 759
41.9 The Effect of Low Circuit Infill on Exchange and Lineplant Planning 759
41.10 Functional Requirements of Exchanges or Line Systems 760
41.11 Methods of Network or Exchange Modernization 760
42 Selecting and Procuring Equipment 763
42.1 Tendering for Equipment 000
42.2 Project Managment 000
42.3 Procurement Policy 000
42.4 Planning Documentation 000
42.5 The Tender Document 000
42.6 Summary 000
Part 7 Specific Businsses and Networks 777
43 Meeting Business Needs and Creating Competitive Edge 779
43.1 Content of an IT Strategy 779
43.2 The Study of Information Flows 780
43.3 The Tactical Development Plan 786
43.4 Business Applications of IT 787
43.5 Summary 792
44 Network Regulation and Deregulation 793
44.1 Reasons for Deregulation 793
44.2 The Dilemma of Deregulation 795
44.3 Optional Methods of Regulation 797
44.4 Types of Regulatory Bodies 797
44.5 Designation of ‘Customer Premises Equipment’ (CPE) 798
44.6 Deregulation of Value-added Services 798
44.7 Competition in Basic Services 799
44.8 The Instruments of PTO Regulation 800
44.9 European Telecommunications Deregulation 802
44.10 Instruments of United Kingdom Regulation 806
44.11 United States Telecommunications Regulation 809
44.12 Other Countries 813
45 Corporate Networks 815
45.1 Telecommunications Management 815
45.2 Premises Cabling Schemes 816
45.3 Office Computer Networking 819
45.4 Private: Networks 820
45.5 Architecture of Private Networks 822
45.6 Planning Private Network 824
45.7 A Word or Warning 828
45.8 PTO Leased Circuit Offerings 828
45.9 Making Use of Mobile Radio Technology 829
46 Public Networks and Telecommunications Service Providers 831
46.1 Company ‘Mission’ 831
46.2 Identifying and Addressing the PTO’s market 832
46.3 PTO Product Development 834
46.4 PTO Business Development 836
Bibliography 839
Glossary of Terms 849
Glossary of Abbreviations 865
ISO Two-Letter Country Code Abbreviations (ISO 3166) 890
Index 895
| Verlagsort | New York |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 200 x 255 mm |
| Gewicht | 1758 g |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-471-97346-7 / 0471973467 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-471-97346-1 / 9780471973461 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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