Modeling and Managing Interdependent Complex Systems of Systems (eBook)

Yacov Y. Haimes (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2018
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781119173694 (ISBN)

Infos

A comprehensive guide to the theory, methodology, and development for modeling systems of systems

Modeling and Managing Interdependent Complex Systems of Systems examines the complexity of, and the risk to, emergent interconnected and interdependent complex systems of systems in the natural and the constructed environment, and in its critical infrastructures. For systems modelers, this book focuses on what constitutes complexity and how to understand, model and manage it.Previous modeling methods for complex systems of systems were aimed at developing theory and methodologies for uncoupling the interdependencies and interconnections that characterize them. In this book, the author extends the above by utilizing public- and private- sector case studies; identifies, explores, and exploits the core of interdependencies; and seeks to understand their essence via the states of the system, and their dominant contributions to the complexity of systems of systems.

The book proposes a reevaluation of fundamental and practical systems engineering and risk analysis concepts on complex systems of systems developed over the past 40 years. This important resource:

• Updates and streamlines systems engineering theory, methodology, and practice as applied to complex systems of systems
• Introduces modeling methodology inspired by philosophical and conceptual thinking from the arts and sciences
• Models the complexity of emergent interdependent and interconnected complex systems of systems by analyzing their shared states, decisions, resources, and decisionmakers

Written for systems engineers, industrial engineers, managers, planners, academics and other professionals in engineering systems and the environment,this text is the resource for understanding the fundamental principles of modeling and managing complex systems of systems, and the risk thereto.

Yacov Y. Haimes, P.E., Ph.D., Dr. Engr. h.c. is the Lawrence R. Quarles Professor of Systems and Civil Engineering in the Department of Engineering Systems and the Environment at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville. He is the Founder (1987) and Director of the University-wide Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems.

Inhalt

Foreword vii

Acknowledgments xv

1 Modeling and Managing Interdependent Complex Systems of Systems:Fundamentals, Theory and Methodology 1

2 Modeling, Decomposition, and Multilevel Coordination of Complex Systems of Systems 51

3 Hierarchical Holographic Modeling and Multilevel Coordination of Complex Systems of Systems 111

4 Modeling Complex Systems of Systems with Phantom System Models 141

5 Complex Systems of Systems: Multiple Goals and Objectives 183

6 Hierarchical Coordinated Bayesian Modeling of Complex Systems of Systems 229

7 Hierarchical Multiobjective Modeling and Decision Making for Complex Systems of Systems 279

8 Modeling Economic Interdependencies among Complex Systems of Systems 363

9 Guiding Principles for Modeling and Managing Complex Systems of Systems 411

10 Modeling Cyber-Physical Complex Systems of Systems: Four Case Studies 447

11 Global Supply Chain as Complex Systems of Systems 527

12 Understanding and Managing the Organizational Dimension of Complex Systems of Systems 559

13 Software Engineering: The Driver of Cyber-Physical Complex Systems of Systems 607

14 Infrastructure Preparedness for Communities as Complex Systems of Systems 647

15 Modeling Safety of Transportation Complex Systems of Systems via Fault Trees 695

Appendix 739

Author Index 773

Subject Index 779

Rezensionen

"Readers will benefit by this renowned expert's practical and timely focus on modeling and managing complex systems of systems, and by his comprehensive presentation of systems engineering approaches and techniques."
- Leon Lasdon, Professor Emeritus, McCombs Business School, The University of Texas at Austin

"In this book Yacov Haimes provides a comprehensive but rigorous approach to modeling complex systems of systems built on a central abstraction: State and shared states."
- Mark Maier, Distinguished Engineer, Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, Virginia

"Modeling is a proven key to advancement of systems of systems analysis and this book is a game-changer. A welcome addition to the emerging study of cyber-physical systems."
- Mo Jamshidi, Lutcher Brown Endowed Chaired Professor University of Texas San Antonio, TX

"A landmark book on how one can utilize a rich range of valuable tools within the paradigm of independent complex System of Systems (SoS) to address the challenges facing society. "
- Keith W. Hipel, University Professor, University of Waterloo, Past President, Academy of Science, Royal Society of Canada

"A comprehensive textbook exploring complexity of natural and engineered systems and an outstanding source for theoretical foundations, practical applications, and effective management."
- Ali Mosleh, Distinguished Professor, Evelyn Knight Chair in Engineering, UCLA

"Yacov Haimes encapsulates the modeling of societal interactions and man-made systems characterized by intertwined hierarchical structures by applying advanced theory and methodologies of systems of systems."
- Duan Li, Chair Professor of Operations Research and Associate Provost for Strategic Planning, City University of Hong Kong

Textauszug

Foreword

Philosophical and Historical Perspectives on Understanding Commonalities Characterizing Complexity

The growing interest by the systems modeling community in the concept and in the literature on complexity deserves a fresh reflection on its essence and on its evolving definitions and characterizations. For systems modelers, the starting point begins by focusing on what constitutes complexity and how to understand, model, and manage it. The English language fails to provide a succinct definition of the term complexity in one short or long sentence. This is because each of the two words – “modeling and managing” – used in the title of this book has multiple connotations, interpretations, and associations of the term complexity depending on the individuals using the terms and the specific context in which they are used.

We define and model complexity in this book via the interdependencies and interconnectedness (I‐I) characterizing complex systems of systems (SoS) (Complex SoS). We further model and quantify the I‐I by building on the shared/common states and other essential entities (shared decisions, resources, functions, policies, decision makers, stakeholders, and organizational setups) within and among the subsystems that, in their totality, constitute Complex SoS. Indeed, the above, along with hierarchical decomposition and higher‐level coordination, encompass the essence of the modeling, theory, methodology, and practice espoused in this book. We build on the fact that all outputs from a system are functions of the states of that system and thus also of the decisions and all other inputs to the system. This fact is of particular significance to modeling Complex SoS. For example, Chen (2012) offers the following succinct definition of state variable: “The state x(to) of a system at time to is the information at to that together with the input u(t), for t ≥ to, determines uniquely the output y(t) for all t ≥ to.”

Indeed, the states of a system are commonly a multidimensional vector that characterizes the system as a whole and plays a major role in estimating its future behavior for any given input. Thus, (i) the behavior of the states of the system as a function of time enables modelers to determine, under certain conditions, the system’s future behavior for any given input, or initiating event – and (ii) the shared states and other essential entities within and among the subsystems and systems constitute the essence of the multifarious attributes of the I‐I characterizing Complex SoS.

Thus, in modeling Complex SoS, we exploit the I‐I characterizing Complex SoS that are manifested via shared states and other essential entities in multiple ways. The following sample of modeling methodologies beyond Chapter 1 includes (i) decomposition and multilevel‐hierarchical coordination (Chapters 2 and 4) with a primer on modeling risk and uncertainty in Part II of Chapter 2; (ii) hierarchical holographic modeling (HHM) (Chapter 3); (iii) multiple conflicting, competing, and noncommensurate goals and objectives and the associated tradeoffs (Chapter 5); (iv) hierarchical coordinated Bayesian modeling of Complex SoS (Chapter 6); (v) hierarchical‐multiobjective modeling and decision making of Complex SoS (Chapter 7); (vi) modeling economic interdependencies among Complex SoS (Chapter 8); (vii) guiding principles for modeling and managing Complex SoS (Chapter 9); (viii) modeling cyber–physical Complex SoS – four case studies (Chapter 10); (ix) global supply chain as Complex SoS (Chapter 11); (x) understanding and managing the organizational dimension of Complex SoS (Chapter 12); (xi) software engineering – the driver of cyber–physical Complex SoS (Chapter 13); (xii) infrastructure preparedness for communities as Complex SoS (Chapter 14); and (xiii) modeling safety of highway Complex SoS via fault trees (Chapter 15).

Throughout this book, we introduce the reader, via examples and case studies, to decomposition, hierarchical modeling, multilevel decision making, and optimization and to multiobjective tradeoff analyses. Decomposition is employed to decouple the I‐I characterizing Complex SoS. We postulate that decisions made at the subsystem’s lower levels of the hierarchy can serve as a pretext that they are “independent.” The discrepancies and conflicts, fundamental differences, and the associated tradeoffs are harmonized at the highest levels of the model’s hierarchical decision‐making process.

Starting in the 1960s, many scholars aimed at identifying the fundamental commonalities that characterize modeling and managing Complex SoS. Most of the theory and methodology that were developed employed decomposition using pseudo‐variables at the lower levels of the hierarchical models and were ultimately harmonized at a higher level of the hierarchy. Over the years, we continued to study and improve our modeling perspectives supported by new tools and methodologies that led to a better understanding and more useful modeling of the I‐I that constitute Complex SoS. In the past, modeling the I‐I was directed at the coupled decisions and decision makers that characterized Complex SoS. This was mostly achieved by the deployment of pseudo‐variables, which enabled the reliance on decomposition at lower levels of the hierarchy, and a higher‐level hierarchical coordination of tightly interdependent and interconnected systems and subsystems.

Previous methods developed for modeling Complex SoS were aimed at advancing theory and methodology for uncoupling the I‐I that characterize them. In this book, we will also study and identify interdependencies and interconnections by seeking a better comprehension of their essence and their dominant contributions to the complexity of SoS. We address this challenge by identifying the I‐I of Complex SoS manifested via shared states and other essential entities. We also embrace the fact that all outputs from a system are functions of the states of that system and the latter are functions of all decisions and all inputs to the system. This notion is also of particular significance and central to modeling Complex SoS. For example, to determine the reliability and functionality of a car, one must know the states of the fuel, oil, tire pressure, and other mechanical and electrical systems. All systems are characterized at any moment by their respective states and the conditions thereof, and these conditions are subject to continuous variation and fluctuation. Similarly, the states of health of a human are multifaceted, including blood composition and pressure, among myriad others, and the I‐I that exist among the states of biological systems.

The time frame has always been recognized as a major driver of what we term complexity. This is due to the fact that all systems continue to evolve, emerge, and thus change, while the capability of our modeling tools to keep pace with these changes continues to lag behind. Our inability to model the dynamic changes that characterize Complex SoS remains an impediment that characterizes and impairs our modeling and managing the I‐I characterizing Complex SoS. We embrace the fact that complexities cannot, by their essence and definition, be compounded, packaged, understood, or modeled via one “straightjacket” modeling schema. Rather, we have to keep building on what we have learned from past contributions developed by other scholars, researchers, and practitioners, and augment this past knowledge into our current thinking, thereby creating new and improved theories and methodologies. Furthermore, seeking to discover what makes the I‐I of Complex SoS so difficult to model will ultimately help us better manage them. This is not a fatalistic view of modeling complexity, rather a sober understanding of the reality characterizing Complex SoS.

Complexity, Interdependency, Interconnectedness, and Reinvention of Fault Trees

For decades engineers and scientists have explored the modeling power of fault trees in their quest to study and discover connections between two or among several systems that may lead to catastrophic failure of safety‐critical systems. The fundamental difference characterizing the previous use of fault trees and our present reinvention stems from the basic characteristics of the two approaches. In this book we investigate and identify the genesis of the I‐I by exploring the shared/common states and other essential entities within the systems and subsystems that comprise Complex SoS. By doing so, we also discover and quantify the genesis of potential failure of the entire Complex SoS, whether the interdependencies and interconnections are manifested by connections in series and/or in parallel. In this book we also benefit from decades of experience that engineers and scientists have gained from the intrinsic power of fault trees. Furthermore, to model and improve our understanding of the I‐I that characterize Complex SoS, we have reinvented the use of fault trees via an innovative interpretation of the contributions that they offer systems modelers. We further exploit the I‐I characterizing Complex SoS by tracing (via fault trees) prospective and inevitable failures due to their inherent specific connections via shared states and/or other shared essential entities. This...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.9.2018
• Reihe/Serie: IEEE Press
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: Complex Systems of Systems: Multiple Goals and Objectives • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Fundamentals in Modelling and Managing Interdependent Complex Systems of Systems: An Overview • Global Supply Chain as Complex Systems of Systems • Guiding Principles for Modelling and Managing Complex Systems of Systems • Hierarchical Coordinated Bayesian Modelling of Complex Systems of Systems • Hierarchical Holographic Modelling and Multilevel Coordination of Complex Systems of Systems • Hierarchical Multi-objective Modelling and Decision Making for Complex Systems of Systems • Komplexes System • Modelling Complex Systems of Systems with Phantom System Models • Modelling Cyber-Physical Complex Systems of Systems • Modelling, Decomposition and Multilevel Coordination of Complex Systems of Systems • Modelling Economic Interdependencies among Complex Systems of Systems • Systems Engineering & Management • Systemtechnik • Systemtechnik u. -management
• ISBN-13: 9781119173694 / 9781119173694