Architecture of Supercomputers (eBook)

Titan, a Case Study

Philip John Koopman, Daniel P. Siewiorek (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
220 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-6851-4 (ISBN)

Infos

The Architecture of Supercomputers: Titan, A Case Study describes the architecture of the first member of an entirely new computing class, the graphic supercomputing workstation known as Titan. This book is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Titan architecture, including the motivation, organization, and processes that created it. A survey of all the techniques to speed up computation is presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 reviews the issue of particular benchmarks and measures, while Chapter 4 analyzes a model of a concurrency hierarchy extending from the register set to the entire operating system. The architecture of Titan graphics supercomputer and its implementation are considered in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 examines the performance of Titan in terms of the various information flow data rates. The last chapter is devoted to the actual performance on benchmark kernels and how the architecture and implementation affect performance. This publication is recommended for architects and engineers designing processors and systems.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
The Architecture of Supercomputers: Titan, a Case Study 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
FOREWORD 10
PREFACE 16
CHAPTER ONE. TITAN ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 20
1.1 Visualization of Scientific Computations 20
1.2 System Overview 23
1.3 General Operation Principles 28
1.4 From Concept to Realization 29
1.5 The Next Generation 45
CHAPTER TWO. ARCHITECTURAL EVOLUTION—ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE DESIGN 46
2.1 In the Beginning: Uniprocessors 46
2.2 Memory Performance Hierarchies 49
2.3 Speedup through Specialization 57
2.4 Concurrency through Overlap of Operations 58
2.5 Concurrency through Replication 68
2.6 Vector Operations 80
2.7 Limits to Speedup: Amdahl's Law 87
2.8 Summary 90
CHAPTER THREE. PERFORMANCE AND BALANCE 92
3.1 Hardware Performance Measures 94
3.2 Kiviat Graphs 100
3.3 System Performance Measures 102
3.4 The Importance of Balance 114
CHAPTER FOUR. HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF COMPUTATION 116
4.1 A High-Level Model of Computation 116
4.2 A More Detailed Model of Computation 117
4.3 Primitive Operations 121
CHAPTER FIVE. TITAN ARCHITECTURE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION 124
5.1 System Bus 124
5.2 Memory 126
5.3 Integer Unit 134
5.4 Vector Processing Unit 141
5.5 Graphics Processing Unit 158
5.6 I/O 166
5.7 Reliability Features 167
5.8 An Example of System Operation 171
5.9 Feature Summary 175
CHAPTER SIX. ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS OF TITAN 176
6.1 System Bus 176
6.2 Memory 176
6.3 Integer Unit 180
6.4 Vector Processing Unit 181
6.5 Graphics Processing Unit 183
6.6 I/O 183
6.7 Analysis of System Throughput and Plumbing Diagram 184
CHAPTER SEVEN. BENCHMARKS AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 190
7.1 LINPACK and LAPACK 190
7.2 Elementary Functions 194
7.3 The P3 Modifications for Improved Performance 196
7.4 The Eleven Rules of Supercomputer Design 200
APPENDIX A: THE TITAN BUS 204
A.1 Introduction 204
A.2 Write and Read Bus Transactions 207
A.3 Other Transaction Types 209
A.4 Error Detection and Handling 209
APPENDIX B: TITAN P2 SPECIFICATION SUMMARY 212
APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 214
REFERENCES 218
INDEX 220

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Angewandte Mathematik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-6851-9 / 1483268519
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-6851-4 / 9781483268514