IT Perspectives Conference (eBook)

The Future of Information Technology

Sam Stuart (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
230 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-4213-5 (ISBN)

Infos

IT Perspectives Conference is a documentation of the top-level conference sponsored by the publishers of Computer Weekly, which aims to examine the issues that concern computer professionals and to provide at least some of the answers while indicating the directions which IT may be expected to take moving on to the 1990s. Leading figures from the IT industry and from major computer users show how they are tackling the transition from the limited task based approach of traditional computing to the more wide-ranging strategic issues implicit in the concept of information as a resource to be managed, used competitively, and even sold. In looking towards a future characterized by transaction-oriented systems, online databases, and distributed processing, the significance of tools such as fourth generation languages and computer-assisted software engineering is described and the vital role of communications at all levels from local area networks to the development of international standards is examined. This book will be useful to anyone wishing to discern the main trends in IT development and computer systems implementation as they set out to develop the systems of the 1990s.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
It Perspectives Conference 
2 
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 4
F0REWARD 6
Chapter 1. OPENING ADDRESS 8
SUMMARY 8
INTRODUCTION: IT PERSPECTIVES - THE FOUR ELEMENTS 9
THE NEED FOR OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 9
OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY FROM IT: INWARD FACING ACTIONS 10
OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY FROM IT: OUTWARD FACING ACTIONS 11
Session 1: Supplier Perspectives 
14 
Chapter 2. A GLOBAL VIEW 16
SUMMARY 16
INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGING ROLE OF INFORMATION 17
THE MINIMAL EFFECT OF EARLIER COMPUTER GENERATIONS ON INFORMATION USAGE 17
THE FIRST TWO COMPUTER GENERATIONS AND THEIR HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE 17
LIMITATIONS OF BATCH AND ON-LINE COMPUTING: BUILD-UP OF BUREAUCRACY 18
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING: THE NEW INFORMATION ERA DEMANDS A MOVE AWAY FROM HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES 19
DIFFICULTY OF PREDICTIONS IN THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT 20
HOW THE IT INDUSTRY IS ADAPTING TO THE NEED FOR AN OPEN ORGANISATION 20
THE NEED FOR OPEN STANDARDS 21
PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDS ON EFFICIENT DESIGN OF SYSTEMS 21
THE BULL/HONEYWELL BULL APPROACH TO NETWORKED SYSTEMS 22
CONCLUSION 23
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOLLOWING JACQUES STERN'S PRESENTATION 24
Chapter 3. THE IBM VIEW 26
SUMMARY 26
INTRODUCTION: IBM'S TRANSFORMATION 27
IBM's FOUR GOALS IN THE EARLY 1980s 27
IBM'S FIFTH GOAL: ENHANCING CUSTOMER PARTNERSHIPS 27
COMMUNICATION WITH CUSTOMERS 28
IBM'S THREE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES 29
SYSTEMS APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE 30
SNA NOT ENOUGH: THE NEED FOR OPEN SYSTEMS 31
IBM'S NEW APPLICATIONS DIVISION: THE NEED FOR TOTAL SOLUTIONS 31
IBM's RELATIONSHIPS WITH THIRD PARTIES 32
MORE OPENNESS FROM IBM: IBM'S "GLASNOST" 33
IBM'S TRANSFORMATION: A REVIEW 33
IBM'S TRANSFORMATION - A SUCCESS 34
HOW THE IT INDUSTRY CAN HELP ITS USERS 35
CONCLUSION 35
Chapter 4. THE DEC VIEW 38
SUMMARY 38
INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRIAL CHANGE IN THE '80s BRINGS THE NEED FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 39
DEC AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 39
DEC's ENABLING TECHNOLOGY: THE VAX MINICOMPUTER AND ITS NETWORKED ARCHITECTURE 39
DEC's INTERNAL NETWORK 40
THE ADVANTAGES OF DEC'S INTERNAL COMPUTER NETWORK 41
DESCRIPTION OF DEC'S INTERNAL NETWORK 43
THE COST OF DEC'S INTERNAL NETWORK: IN MONEY AND STAFFING 43
BENEFITS OF OPENNESS THROUGH A NETWORK 44
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NETWORK ON AUTONOMY AND CONTROL 44
THE MOVE FROM DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING TO DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING 44
SIMILARITIES OF USERS' NETWORKING REQUIREMENTS 45
CONCLUSION 45
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS TO SHINGLES' PRESENTATION 47
Chapter 5. A UK VIEW 50
SUMMARY 50
INTRODUCTION 51
STRATEGIC ROLE IN THE '90s 51
USING IT FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 51
USING IT TO ALLEVIATE KEY SKILL SHORTAGES 52
USING IT TO HELP THE SHIFTING EMPHASIS FROM P & L ACCOUNTING TO A FOCUS ON THE BALANCE SHEET
THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUPPLIERS' RESPONSE 54
SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS AND ICL'S SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE MODEL 55
ICL'S TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES TO MEET FUTURE MARKET NEEDS 57
THE CHANGE TO A GLOBAL IT INDUSTRY 59
EUROPE AS A HOME MARKET 59
CONCLUSION 60
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO WATSON'S PRESENTATION 62
Session 2: Communications Perspectives 
66 
Chapter 6. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS - OPENING UP THE FUTURE 68
SUMMARY 68
INTRODUCTION 69
THE THREE PHASES OF LAN DEVELOPMENT 69
CORPORATE INFORMATION NETWORKS: THE SIX KEY USER REQUIREMENTS 70
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 1. STANDARDS 71
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 2. SYSTEMS CONNECTIVITY 75
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 3. INTER-NETWORKING: THE TWO APPROACHES 76
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 4. NETWORK CONFIGURATION AND MANAGEMENT: THREE APPROACHES 76
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 5. EASE OF USE OF NETWORKING APPLICATIONS 79
USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 6. NETWORKING PERFORMANCE 81
CONCLUSION 81
Chapter 7. EUROSINET: RAISING THE STANDARDS 82
SUMMARY 82
INTRODUCTION: THE RISE OF COMMUNICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR STANDARDS 83
MARKET FORCES ACCELERATE PUSH FOR OPEN STANDARDS 83
EUROSINET: CO-OPERATION BETWEEN IT SUPPLIERS 84
EXPANSION OF EUROSINET 85
LESSONS FROM EUROSINET 85
Chapter 8. BRINGING INTEGRATED NETWORK SERVICES TO THE DESK 88
SUMMARY 88
INTRODUCTION: CHANGE FROM YOUTH TO MATURITY IN THE IT INDUSTRY 89
COMMUNICATIONS: THE KEY TO GAINING COMPETITIVE EDGE THROUGH IT 89
MARKET NEED FOR COMMUNICATIONS: CRITICAL APPLICATION AREAS 89
COST EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS: THE FOUR ISSUES 90
BRITISH TELECOM'S NEED FOR INTEGRATED NETWORK SERVICES 91
BRITISH TELECOM'S INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 91
ADVANCED NETWORK SERVICES: BT's WORK IN THREE AREAS 92
COMMUNICATING BETWEEN NETWORKS 94
BT's MOVES TOWARDS AN OPEN APPLICATIONS ENVIRONMENT 95
CONCLUSION 96
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO KANE's PRESENTATION 97
Chapter 9. COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS 100
SUMMARY 100
INTRODUCTION: UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES 101
THE THREE "KILLER" TECHNOLOGIES 101
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTING: THE DIFFERENT EMPHASES 103
UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES: THE STAGE BEYOND ISDN 103
THE CHALLENGE OF ADDING VALUE TO INFORMATION 104
AT& T's RESPONSE: A STUDY OF CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS
AT& T's APPROACH TO UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES
THE EIGHT KEY CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS 106
CONCLUSION: THE WORLD OF THE 1990's 109
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO KANE AND BELL's PRESENTATIONS 111
Session 3: User Perspectiyes 
116 
INTRODUCTION TO SESSION 117
Chapter 10. THE USER VIEW 118
SUMMARY 118
INTRODUCTION: USER PREOCCUPATIONS 119
WHERE TO APPLY USER PULL 120
INGREDIENTS FOR GAINING COMPETITIVE EDGE FROM IT 121
SECTORAL DYNAMICS: FACTORS AFFECTING UPTAKE OF IT 123
SKILL SHORTAGES AND THE CHANGING NATURE OF IT JOBS 125
SKILLS CATEGORIES IN DEMAND 126
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOP MANAGEMENT AND IT 127
TECHNOLOGY: THE DIFFERENT GROWTH RATES 129
BATTLEGROUNDS FOR A USER CHAMPION: STANDARDS AND SOFTWARE 129
HUMAN/COMPUTER INTERFACES: THE IDEAL RELATIONSHIP WITH COMPUTERS 131
CONCLUSION 132
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO ARIS' PRESENTATION 133
Chapter 11. THINKING BIG 134
SUMMARY 134
INTRODUCTION: CENTRAL CONTROL OR LOCAL AUTONOMY? 135
GETTING THE DP BALANCE RIGHT IN LARGE ORGANISATIONS 135
COMPUTING IN LARGE ORGANISATIONS: BASIC PRINCIPLES 136
DHSS: THE SCALE OF THE COMPUTING OPERATION 137
BRITISH TELECOM: THE SCALE OF THE COMPUTING OPERATION 137
PRESSURES ON LARGE ORGANISATIONS 138
THE PAINFUL TRANSITION FROM BATCH-ORIENTED DATA PROCESSING 138
IMPORTANCE OF CLOSE ATTENTION TO DETAIL 139
PROBLEMS (?INSURMOUNTABLE OPPORTUNITIES) OF LARGE ORGANISATIONS 139
NEED FOR A STRATEGY TO ENSURE COMPUTING RESPONDS TO BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS 140
INTEGRATED COMPUTER NETWORK 141
CONCLUSION 144
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO SPACEMAN's PRESENTATION 145
Chapter 12. SHIFTING THE SOFTWARE LOGJAM 148
SUMMARY 148
INTRODUCTION: THE NEED TO INTERCEPT TECHNOLOGY 149
THE INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEM: THE SOFTWARE LOGJAM 150
DISTORTION AND FRAGMENTATION WITHIN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 150
HOW TO BUILD ENTERPRISE-WIDE SYSTEMS 152
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 152
DISTINCTION BETWEEN CASE AND FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES 153
SYSTEMS DESIGNING 153
INTEGRATED COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 154
PRINCIPLE FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATED CASE 155
INFORMATION ENGINEERING FACILITY 156
CONCLUSION 156
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO FAIRBAIRN's PRESENTATION 158
Chapter 13. SUCCESSFUL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 160
SUMMARY 160
INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE IN SYSTEMS BUILDING 161
THE INLAND REVENUE 161
THE SYSTEMS 162
COMPUTERISATION OF PAYE 163
THE PROGRAMME 164
APPROACHES TO COMPUTERISING PAYE 165
IN-HOUSE METHODOLOGY 167
MANAGING AND CONTROLLING CHANGE 168
PEOPLE 169
INLAND REVENUE'S IT STRATEGY 169
OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS" - NOT OFFICE AUTOMATION" 170
STANDARDS 171
COPING WITH RESOURCES AND COSTS 171
CONCLUSION 171
Chapter 14. HARNESSING USER POWER 174
SUMMARY 174
INTRODUCTION 175
AETNA's IT PHILOSOPHY: TEACHING USERS TO DEVELOPING THEIR OWN SYSTEMS 175
USER-LED ENVIRONMENT: DP STAFF FEARS 176
IMPLICATIONS OF A USER-LED DP ENVIRONMENT: USER NEEDS 177
1. NEED FOR A LARGE CENTRAL MAINFRAME 178
2. NEED FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS 178
3. NEED FOR A LOW CENTRAL HEADCOUNT 178
4. THE CRITICAL NEED FOR STANDARDS 179
5. THE NEED FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING 180
6. THE NEED FOR STAFF COMMITMENT 182
7. THE NEED FOR TOOLS 182
A CAUTIONARY NOTE: THREE AREAS OF "HEARTACHE" 183
CONCLUSION 184
Session 4: Future Perspectives 
186 
Chapter 15. WHERE NEXT FOR THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY? 188
SUMMARY 188
INTRODUCTION: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 189
THE SIX PHASES OF COMPUTER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT: THE GROWTH OF THE MARKETPLACE 189
THE NEXT SEVEN YEARS 190
STAGES OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: REDEFINING THE GENERATIONS 191
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALLER COMPANIES 192
CONCLUSION 193
Chapter 16. FUTURE OF COMPUTING SERVICES IN THE UK 194
SUMMARY 194
INTRODUCTION: THE COMPUTER SERVICES INDUSTRY 195
WORLD MARKET FOR COMPUTING SERVICES 195
THE FUTURE: NO BARRIERS TO GROWTH 197
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UK COMPUTING SERVICES INDUSTRY 199
CONCLUSION 200
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO SCHOLZ's PRESENTATION 201
Chapter 17. CAN IT STIMULATE THE REVIVAL OF BRITISH INDUSTRY? 202
SUMMARY 202
INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW 203
PROBLEM AREAS FOR BRITISH INDUSTRY AT THE END OF THE LATE 1970s 203
RECIPE FOR THE REVIVAL OF BRITISH INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF IT 204
THE CASE FOR AN INDIGENOUS IT INDUSTRY 205
IS THE BRITISH IT INDUSTRY STRONG ENOUGH? 206
REVIVAL OF THE BRITISH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY 207
THE BENEFITS OF A WORLD CLASS UK IT INDUSTRY 209
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO MACKINTOSH'S PRESENTATION 212
Chapter 18. SEIZING THE INITIATIVE: THE STRATEGIC USE OF IT 214
SUMMARY 214
INTRODUCTION 215
CURRENT SITUATION: IT SYSTEMS HAVE NOT LED TO INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY 215
NEW ENVIRONMENT FOR OPPORTUNITY IN THE US AND UK 216
RAPID IMPLEMENTATION IS IMPORTANT FOR COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATION 217
EFFECTIVE IT LEVERAGE IN MANUFACTURING 217
CAUTIONARY TALE: HOW AUTOMATION CAN LEAD TO LOSS OF COMPETITIVENESS 218
IT AS A LEVER IN MANAGING COST-EFFECTIVE AND COMPETITIVE R& D
MARKETING: EFFECTIVENESS OF IT 221
INNOVATION 222
Chapter 19. COMPUTING IN THE 90's 224
SUMMARY 224
INTRODUCTION: GROWTH AND CONSTRAINTS 225
THE GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY 225
FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS 227
FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS 228
FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS 229
CONCLUSION: OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK FOR THE UK 232
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO OAKLEY's PRESENTATION 233

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Programmiersprachen / -werkzeuge
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Software Entwicklung
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-4213-2 / 1483142132
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-4213-5 / 9781483142135