Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1988 (eBook)
449 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9904-4 (ISBN)
This volume provides a state-of-the-art review of the development and future use of man-machine systems in all aspects of business and industry. The papers cover such topics as human-computer interaction, system design, and the impact of automation in general, and also by the use of case studies describe a wide range of applications in such areas as office automation, transportation, power plants, machinery and manufacturing processes and defence systems. Contains 73 papers.
Front Cover 1
Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine Systems 1988 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PART I: PLENUM PAPERS 14
Chapter 1. Factors Governing the Evolution and Diffusion of CIM 14
INTRODUCTION: TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS VS. DIFFUSION 14
MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY 14
ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM) 15
MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN CIM TECHNOLOGIES 15
THE FLEXIBILITY PROBLEM 16
THE DIFFUSION OF CIM 18
CONCLUDING REMARKS 19
REFERENCES 20
Chapter 2. New Generations of Human–computer Interaction 22
INTRODUCTION 22
FIFTH AND SIXTH GENERATION OBJECTIVES 23
GENERATIONS—THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 24
EMBEDDED HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 26
HIGHER LEVEL PROTOCOLS IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 26
SYSTEMIC FOUNDATIONS FOR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 27
SYSTEM ORIGINS AND ACTIVITY 29
CONCLUSIONS 31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31
REFERENCES 31
Chapter 3. Man–machine Systems and Plant Performance 32
INTRODUCTION 32
PROBLEMS OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS 32
EXPERIENCE FROM INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS 33
THE FINNISH EXPERIENCE 34
BRINGING THEORIES INTO PRACTICE 34
CONCLUSIONS 35
Chapter 4. Internal Representation, Internal Model, Human Performance Model and Mental Workload 36
INTRODUCTION 36
REVIEW OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODELS 37
MENTAL LOAD MEASUREMENTS 40
DISCUSSION 41
REFERENCES 43
Chapter 5. Process Supervision and Control: Design of Technical Systems and Organization. Training of Operators 46
1. STUDY OF XHE COURSE OF ACTION 46
2. STUDY OF THE FUTURE ACTIVITY IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 48
3. EXAMPLE OF STUDY OF THE COURSE OF ACTION: IMPROVEMENT OF AUTOMATED SEQUENTIAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (S.A.P.S.) 50
4. USE FOR FORECASTING THE FUTURE ACTIVITY 52
5. CONCLUSIONS 53
References 53
PART II: PROCESS CONTROL APPLICATIONS 54
Chapter 6. Impacts of Industrial Automation: Importance of the Design Process 54
1. INTRODUCTIOH 54
2. THE DESIGN PROCESS: PHASES AND IHPACTS 55
3. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIOIS 56
4. CONCLUSIONS 58
5. REFERENCES 58
Chapter 7. Identification of Potential Operator Burden through Systematic Assessment of Actual Plant Transients 60
INTRODUOTON 60
DEHNITION OF BURDEN 61
SIGNAL PROCESSOR ANALOG 61
EXPECTED AREAS AND SOURCES OF BURDEN 62
APPLICATION OF EVENT ANALYSIS 62
STUDY HNDINGS 64
STUDY CONCLUSIONS 65
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS 65
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 65
REFERENCES 65
Chapter 8. User Modelling: A New Technique to Support Designers of Graphical Support Systems in Conventional Power Plants 66
INTRODUCTION 66
CLASSIFICATION OF USER MODELS 66
GENERAL FRAMEWORK 66
GOALS OF KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION 67
METHODS USED FOR KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION 67
RESULTS 68
CONCLUSION 68
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
Chapter 9. Do Design Procedures Fit Designers' Behaviour? 72
INTRODUCTION 72
FRAMEWORK 72
DESIGN PROCEDURES 73
RESULTS 74
DESIGN PROCEDURES IN PRACTICE 74
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 76
Acknowledgements 76
REFERENCES 76
Chapter 10. TIME: The Cinderella of Man–machine Interaction 78
INTRODUCTION 78
TIME : A THORNY PROBLEM FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE 78
BACKGROUND : THE CASE STUDY 79
DATA ACQUISITION METHODOLOGY 79
THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURES 79
MECHANISMS OF TEMPORAL PERCEPTION 80
TEMPORAL STRATEGIES AND OPERATOR DIFFICULTIES 81
CONCLUSIONS 83
REFERENCES 83
Chapter 11. The Evaluation of VDU-based Man–machine Interfaces in Process Industry 84
INTRODUCTION 84
EVALUATION METHOD 85
DESCRIPTION OF TWO EVALUATED SYSTEMS 85
RESULTS 86
CONCLUSIONS 88
REFERENCES 88
Chapter 12. An Implicit Method for Dynamic Task Allocation Between Man and Computer in Supervision Posts of Automated Processes 90
INTRODUCTION 90
DYNAMIC TASK ALLOCATION PRINCIPLES 90
METHOD FOR WORKLOAD ESTIMATION IN MULTITASKS SITUATIONS 91
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DYNAMIC ALLOCATION METHOD AND FOR THE WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLE 93
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 95
REFERENCES 95
Chapter 13. Improvement of Work and Workers' Qualifications in a Highly Automated Paper Mill 96
INTRODUCTION 96
REALIZATION OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM 97
RESULTS 97
CHANGES IN WORK CHARACTERISTICS 97
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 98
REFERENCES 98
Chapter 14. Developing a Realtime Expert System for Monitoring Main Flow Processes in the Secondary Circuit of Power Plants 100
INTRODUCTION 100
CONCEPTS IN PROCESS MONITORING 100
KNOWLEDGE 101
INFERENCE ENGINE 102
IMPLEMENTATION 103
SUMMARY 103
REFERENCES 104
Chapter 15. Development of an Early Fault Detection System for Nuclear Power Plants 106
INTRODUCTION 106
EARLY FAULT DETECTION (EFD) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 107
FAULT PRESENTATION 107
REFERENCE MODELS 107
EVALUATION WITH PLANT DATA 109
CONCLUSIONS 111
REFERENCES 111
Chapter 16. The Safety Design of Process Automation, Experiences and Methods 112
INTRODUCTION 112
A COMPLEX BATCH PROCESS - NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATOR INTERFACES 112
CONTROL ROOM IMPLEMENTATION 113
METHODS AND EXPERIENCES 114
DESIGNING SAFETY INTO CONTROL SYSTEMS 115
CONCLUSION 115
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 17. Development of an Advanced Man-machine System for BWR Nuclear Power Plants 118
INTRODUCTION 118
OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ADVANCED MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM 118
INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (INCAMS) 119
INTELLIGENT MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 122
CONCLUSIONS 123
REFERENCES 123
PART III: PROCESS CONTROL - CASE STUDIES 124
Chapter 18. Integration of Incident Information into Computer Aided Production Management 124
INTRODUCTION 124
ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT REPORTS 126
INTEGRATION OF INCIDENT INFORMATION INTO THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 126
CONCLUSIONS 128
REFERENCES 129
Chapter 19. Arrangement of Monitors in Control Rooms 130
IMPACT and OBJECTIVE 130
METHODOLOGY 130
ALLOCATION OF WORK and TASK ANALYSIS 130
EQUIPMENT at the WORK PLACES 131
CONFIGURATION 131
HUMAN FACTORS 131
RULES & GUIDELINES
CONCLUSION 133
REFERENCES 133
Chapter 20. Handling Process Disturbances in Petroleum Production 140
INTRODUCTION 140
METHOD 141
RESULTS 142
DISCUSSION 142
CONCLUSIONS 143
REFERENCES 144
APPENDIX 144
QUESTIONNAIRE ISSUES 144
Chapter 21. Graphical Dialogue System Applied to Turbine Vibration Monitoring System 146
INTRODUCTION 146
DESIGN CONCEPT 146
GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 147
EVALUATION 148
CONCLUSION 148
REFERENCES 148
PART IV: ADVANCED CONTROL ROOMS 152
Chapter 22. New Possibilities for the Presentation of Process Information in Industrial 152
SUMMARY OF HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT WORK 152
OPERATOR DIALOGUE USING 'MARGRET' 153
THE INTELLIGENT GRAPHICAL EDITOR 156
CONCLUSION 156
REFERENCES 156
Chapter 23. Principles for Dialogue Design in Man–machine Systems 158
INTRODUCTION 158
COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS 158
THE DIALOGUE APPROACH 160
CONCLUSIONS 161
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 24.Statistical Aids in Man–machine Interaction Problems 164
PROBLEM STATEMENT 164
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION 165
SOME STATISTICAL SUPPORT 166
CONCLUSIONS 168
REFERENCES 168
AKNOWLEDGMENTS 169
PART V: TRANSPORTATION 170
Chapter 25. Modelling the Helmsman in a Ship Steering System using Fuzzy Sets 170
INTRODUCTION 170
MODELLING THE HELMSMAN 170
NATURE OF THE HELMSMAN'S RESPONSE 172
SIMULATION STUDIES 172
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 172
CONCLUSIONS 173
REFERENCES 173
Chapter 26. Model of the Human Observer and Controller of a Dynamic System – Theory and Model Application to Ship Handling 176
ABSTRACT 176
INTRODUCTION 176
TASK ENVIRONMENT 176
PERFORMANCE AND WORKLOAD MEASURES 179
CONCLUDING REMARKS 181
7. REFERENCES 181
Chapter 27. Man–machine Information Management System for Container Transportation Junction 182
INTRODUCTION 182
SYSTEM'S ORGANISATION AND BASIC FUNCTIONS 182
DATA DICTIONARY ORGANIZATION 183
MAN-B4ACHINE PROCEDURES OP DATA UPDATING AND SELECTION 184
MAN-MACHINE PROCEDURES OP CARGO HANDLING 185
CONCLUSION 186
PART VI: AUTOMATED VEHICLES 188
Chapter 28. Supervisory Control, Mental Models and Decision Aids 188
ABSTRACT 188
INTRODUCTION 188
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 193
Chapter 29. Computer Simulation and Analysis of Pilots' Scanning - Behavior during Complex Vehicle-guidance and Control Tasks 196
The Theoretical Background of the Scanning- Model 196
described as the matrixproduct of two sets of vectors 196
The Construction of the Computer Simulation 197
The Stages of Development of the Scanningmodel 197
These considerations lead to the following priority equation 198
Results 199
Discussion 199
Literature 200
Chapter 30. Man-machine Interface in a Submarine Command and Weapon Control System: Features and Design Experiences 202
INTRODUCTION 202
SUBMARINE CWCS OVERVIEW 202
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CWCS MMI 203
PROTOTYPING 204
CWCS USER INTERACTION CONCEPTS 205
EXAMPLE OF RESULTING DESIGN 205
DESIGN EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 206
CONCLUSION 207
REFERENCES 207
Chapter 31. Evaluation of Decision Aiding In Submarine Emergency Decision Making 208
INTRODUCTION 208
ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR EVALUATING DECISION AIDS 209
...LICATI..: SUBMARINE EMERGENCY
210
AN OVERVIEW OF SUBMARINE EMERGENCY DECISIONMAKING 210
THE TASK MODEL 210
THE ORGANIZATION MODEL 211
SELECTING THE AID 211
IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING OF META-DECISIONS 212
ON COMPUTATIONAL IMPLEMENTATON AND ANALYSIS 212
CONCLUSIONS 213
REFERENCES 214
PART VII: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND MACHINE CONTROL 216
Chapter 32. CAM Operator Functions and Pictorial Representation of Information 216
Comparison of time for classifying the alphanumeric tables and two-dimensionalm atrices 218
Neoecaity of selecting the information representation methods edequate to a concrete task of an operator 218
REFERENCES 219
Chapter 33. An Easy to Operate, Window Based Man-machine Interface for Manufacturing Cells 220
1. INTRODUCTION 220
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES 220
3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 221
4. METHOD 223
5. CONCLUSION 223
REFERENCES 223
Chapter 34. Laser Pointer Based Task–level Control for Heavy Duty Machines 224
INTRODUCTION 224
INTERACTIVE TASK-LEVEL CONTROL 224
LASER POINTER BASED MAN-MACHINE INTERACTION 225
CASE EXAMPLE: A CRANE CONTROL APPLICATION 226
REFERENCES 226
Chapter 35. Disturbances in Flexible Manufacturing 230
INTRODUCTION 230
RESEARCH METHODS AND OBJECTS. 230
OVERVIEW OF THE CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES 230
HUMAN ERRORS AND MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 232
HOW TO PREVENT DISTURBANCES WITH FM-SYSTQ!S 232
CONCLUSIONS 233
REFERENCES 233
Chapter 36. A Solution for the Man/machine–interface In Robotics: A High Level Control Language with Enhanced Interaction Equipment 234
INTRODUCTION 234
TASK ALLOCATION IN INTERACTIVE ROBOTICS 235
INTERACTION STYLE 235
LANGUAGE INTERACTION 236
PHYSICAL INTERACTION 236
MODELS AND MODELLING 237
TASKS 237
GRAPHIC INTERACTION 237
CONCLUSIONS 238
REFERENCES 238
Chapter 37. Mediatized Interaction Between Experts in the Maintenance of Automated Machine 240
INTRODUCTION 240
WORK SITUATION AND THE COOPERATING TASK 240
AIMS AND METHODS 240
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 240
CONCLUSION 241
REFERENCE 241
PART VIII: OFFICE AUTOMATION 242
Chapter 38. Design of Working Tasks in the Office: The Use of Skill Based Requirements Analysis 242
INTODDUCTION 242
SKILL BASED REQUIRMENTS ANALYSIS 242
A CONCEPT OF PROSOSPECTIVE TASK EVALUATION AND DESIGN 243
CASE STUDY 245
CONCLUSIONS 246
REFERENCES 246
Chapter 39. Information Technology and Changes in Job Content of Customer Service Employees in Financial Firms 248
INTRODUCTION 248
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 248
FINDINGS 249
CONCLUSIONS 250
REFERENCES 250
Chapter 40. Expert System Development for an Office Environment: Users, Evaluation and the Design Process 252
INTRODUCTION 252
THE INHIAL DESIGN PROCESS 252
EVALUATON OF THE PROTOTYPES 253
EVALUA.ON OF THE USER INTERFACE 253
EVALUATON OF PROTOTYPE SYSTEM 254
DISCUSSION 254
CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
PART IX: MODELLING OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS 256
Chapter 41. A Model of Operator Behaviour for Man–machine System Simulation 256
INTRODUCTION 256
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODEL 256
FORMALISATION OF THE TWO COGNITIVE LEVELS 257
ERROR MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS 259
CONCLUSIONS 260
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 260
REFERENCES 260
Chapter 42. Towards Modelling the Activity of Design: An Observational Study on a Specification Stage 262
INTRODUCTION 262
METHOD 263
CONCLUSION 267
REFERENCES 267
Chapter 43. Modeling Human Performance in Complex Tracking Tasks with a Two-level Control Model 268
INTRODUCTION 268
MODEL DEVELOPMENT 268
AN APPLICATION 271
CONCLUSIONS 272
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 44. Model-based On-site Description of Robotized Processings 274
INTRODUCTION 274
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 274
DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSINGS 275
CASE PROCESSING: GRINDING 276
CONCLUSION 278
REFERENCES 278
PART X: HUMAN RELIABILITY 280
Chapter 45. Detection of System Failure by Human Operator - Mathematical Model and Experiments 280
INTRODUCTION 280
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR MODEL 280
EXPERIMENTS 282
MODELING OF THE CONTROL BEHAVIOR OF THE CONTROLLER 284
COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY THE MODEL WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 284
CONCLUSION 285
REFERENCES 285
Chapter 46. Dealing with Uncertainty in a Multi-source Interrogation System 286
Introduction 286
1. Estlmation of rellability Parameters from various sources 286
2. Estlmation of a plausible attribute value from a table and a set of rules 287
3. Further problems to Investigate and concluding remarks 290
References 291
Chapter 47. The Effects of Participatory Mode on the Detection of Dynamic System Failure 292
INTRODUCTION 292
EXPERIMENTS 293
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 294
CONCLUSION 296
REFERENCE 296
PART XI: TRAINING AND WORK DESIGN – CASE STUDIES 298
Chapter 48. FMS-design from the Point of View of Implementation - Results of a Case Study 298
INTRODUCTION 298
BOTTOM-UP DESIGN BY USERS 299
EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING AND DESIGN 300
CONCLUDING REMARKS 302
REFERENCES 302
Chapter 49. Designing a Decision Support System: How can the Designer Fit the User's Needs? 304
INTRODUCTION 304
STARTING POINT AND TASK 304
PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT 305
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION 307
A FOLLOW-UP STUDY: IS OUR DESIGN OPTIMAL? 308
CONCLUSION 309
REFERENCES 309
Chapter 50. A Training and Consultancy Program on Human-centred Development of Technology 310
INTRODUCTION 310
AIMS OF THE PROGRAM 310
1. SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS 311
2. COOPERATION AND SUPPORT 311
3. WORKING GROUPS 311
REFERENCES 312
PART XII: SYSTEM DESIGN 314
Chapter 51. The Manipulation of Graphical and Symbolic Models of Dynamic Systems 314
INTRODUCTION 314
THE GRAPHICAL INTERFACE 314
INPUT, DISPLAY AND EDITING OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS 315
GRAPHICAL AND SYMBOLIC MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS 316
CONCLUSIONS 318
REFERENCES 318
Chapter 52. Writing a Tutorial Manual of a Flexible Software: The GENERAL Case 320
INTRODUCTION 320
FLEXIBLE FEATURES OF THE GENERA 321
THE STRUCTURE OF THE TUTORIAL 322
4. DISCUSSION 324
REFERENCES 325
Chapter 53. Job Design in Complex Man-machine Systems 326
INTRODUCriON 326
TECHNOLOGIES EFFECTING THE HUMAN OPERATOR'S WORK 326
MAN'S ROLE IN AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS 327
HUMAN RELIABILITY ASPECTS 328
OPERATORS' STRESS AND MENTAL LOAD 328
JOB SATISFACTION 329
WORK REORGANIZATION - A TENTATIVE APPROACH 329
REFERENCES 331
Chapter 54. Development of Software Under Regard of Learning by the Users 332
INTRODUCTION 332
PROBLEM 333
CHANGING OF BEHAVIOUR OF THE USER AND ITS REASONS 333
CONCLUSIONS FOR MMS-SOFTWARE 333
REFERENCES 334
Chapter 55. Integration of Hardware and Software in New Generation Workstations 336
INTRODUCTION 336
KNOWLEDGE HANDLING IN NEW GENERATION WORKSTATIONS 336
SOME SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEMS 338
AN OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AND WORKSTATION 339
CONCLUSION 341
REFERENCES 341
PART XIII: INTERACTION AND INTERFACES 342
Chapter 56. Hypermedia and Human–computer Interaction 342
1. BACKGROUND 342
2. INTRODUCTION 342
3. THE HYPERMEDIA PARADIGM AND ITS APPLICABILITY 343
4. HYPERMEDIA AND HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 343
5. CONCLUSION & SUMMARY
REFERENCES 346
Chapter 57. Empirical Investigation of Tufte's "Lie Factor" with Computer-generated Graphics 348
INTRODUCTION 348
BACKGROUND 348
EXPERIMENT 1 350
EXPERIMENT 2 350
CONCLUDING REMARKS 350
Chapter 58. A User–friendly Editor for Schematic Diagrams 352
1. INTRODUCTION 352
2. INTERACTIVE DESIGN ENVIRONMENT 353
3. WORKING MODEL 353
4. FUNCTIONS 354
5. DESIGN OF THE EDDIE SCREEN 356
6. GENERAL OPERATION SCHEME 356
CONCLUSIONS 357
BIBLIOGRAPHY 357
Chapter 59. Directing the User Interface: How People Use Command-based Computer Systems 362
1 Introduction 362
2 Data collection 362
3 Distribution of command usage 363
4 Relations in command sequences 364
5 Command lines 366
6 Discussion 367
Acknowledgement 368
References 368
Chapter 60. Detecting Inconsistencies in User Interfaces 370
INTRODUCTION 370
EXPERIMENT 373
RESULTS 374
CONCLUSION 375
REFERENCES 375
Chapter 61. The Process of Intention Communication in Advisory Interaction 378
INTRODUCTION 378
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: A MODEL OF ADVISORY INTERACTION 378
EMPIRICAL STUDY 380
CONCLUSION: DESIGN IMPLICATIONS 383
REFERENCES 383
PART XIV: INTERACTION AND INTERFACES - CASE STUDIES 384
Chapter 62. Problems in Developing Advanced Man-machine Interfaces 384
INTRODUCTION 384
THE DESCRIPTION OF USERS AND APPLICATION AREA 385
CASE BANK A 385
CASE BANK . 386
CONCLUSION 386
REFERENCES 387
Chapter 63. High Performance Work Design The Digital Experience
New Pressures, New Approaches 388
The Roots of "High Performance" 388
The Ayr Experience 389
Assessment 390
CONCLUSIONS 392
References 392
Chapter 64. SIEMCAD A User Interface Management System for Integrating Electronical and Mechanical CAD 394
1. INTRODUCTION 394
2. REASONS FOR SIEMCAD 394
3. THE SIEMCAD APPROACH 395
4. ARCHITECTURE OF SIEMCAD 396
5. IMPLEMENTATION 399
6. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS 399
7. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS 399
8. REFERENCES 399
Chapter 65. Man–machine Voice Dialogue: the Role of Interlocutor Models 400
Introduction 400
Nature and role of the expert's user model 401
Human vs machine: the effects of the variation of the interlocutor 402
Conclusion 405
References 405
PART XV: KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND EXPERT SYSTEMS 406
Chapter 66. AIDE: Towards Human Based Models for Rapid Process Control 406
INTRODUCTION 406
COGNITIVE MODEL 407
THE EXPERTISE 407
COGNITIVE MODELING 407
COMPUTERING STRUCTURE 407
GENERALIZATION OF THE EXPERTISE 410
CONCLUSION 411
REFERENCES 411
Chapter 67. Modeling Individual Users in the IR-NLI-II System for Intelligent Information Retrieval 412
INTRODUCTION 412
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR EXPERT INTERFACES 413
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE USER MODELING SYSTEM IN IR-NLI-II 414
MODELING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 414
CONCLUSIONS 416
REFERENCES 417
Chapter 68. Analyzing Human–computer Dialogues in Natural Language 418
INTRODUCTION 418
DIALOGUES WITH A COMPUTER DIFFER FROM HUMAN DIALOGUES 418
DIALOGUE SIMULATION 419
SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 420
RESULTS 420
CONCLUSIONS 421
REFERENCES 421
Chapter 69. Conceptual Clustering: Discovering Patterns from Chaotic Reality and Pattern-directed Decisionmaking 422
INTRODUCTION 422
CONVENTIONAL CLUSTERING VS CONCEPTUAL CLUSTERING 422
CONCEPTUAL CLUSTERING BASED ON PROTOTYPE THEORY 423
A SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION AND AN EVALUATION OF THE METHOD 425
CONCLUSIONS 427
REFERENCES 427
Chapter 70. Functional-semantic Nets . The Universal Formalism for Defining, Designing and Estimating the Quality of Functioning of Man-machine Systems 428
INTRODUCTION 428
MAIN PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL NETS 429
ESTIMATING THE QUAlITY OF MMS FUNCTIONING 429
DEPUTING AND ANALYSING OF MMS ON THE BASIS OF CONTROLLABLE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC NETWORKS 430
DESIGUING MMS ON THE BASIS OP PTJNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC NETWORKS 431
EXAMPLES OP PRACTICAL USB 432
CONCLUSION 433
REFERENCES 433
Chapter 71. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in Simulation of Human Operator Safety Monitoring 434
ABSTRACT 434
INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY SETS 434
INTRODUCnON TO DISAGGREGATED ON-LINE COMPARATIVE SIMULATION (DOCS) 435
PROPOSED APPROACH COMBINING FUZZY LOGIC WITH DOCS 436
CONCLUSION 438
REFERENCES 438
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 439
PART XVI: IMPACT ANALYSIS 440
Chapter 72. Trustworthiness of Command and Control Systems 440
ABSTRACT 440
INTRODUCTION 440
DEFINITIONS OF TRUST 440
MEASURING AND MODELING TRUST 442
ARE WE OVERTRUSTING OUR TECHNOLOGY ? 444
REFERENCES 444
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 444
Chapter 73. Impact Assessment of Automation Technology: Comments and Methodological Views 446
INTRODUCTION 446
BASIC PROBLEMS OF ASSESSMENT 446
TOWARDS A CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH 448
HOW TO CONDUCT A CONSTRUCTIVE ASSESSMENT 448
CONCLUSIONS 449
REFERENCES 449
Author Index 452
Keyword Index 454
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 28.6.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Informatik ► Software Entwicklung ► User Interfaces (HCI) |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4832-9904-X / 148329904X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4832-9904-4 / 9781483299044 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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