Analysis, Design & Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems (eBook)

Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference, Verese, Italy, 10-12 September 1985

G. Johannsen, G. Mancini, L. Martensson (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
374 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9809-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Provides a valuable overview of human-machine interaction in technological systems, with particular emphasis on recent advances in theory, experimental and analytical research, and applications related to man-machine systems. Topics covered include: Automation and Operator - task analysis, decision support, task allocation, management decision support, supervisory control, artificial intelligence, training and teaching, expert knowledge; System Concept and Design - software ergonomics, fault diagnosis, safety, design concepts; Man-machine Interface - interface design, graphics and vision, user adaptive interfaces; Systems Operation - process industry, electric power, aircraft, surface transport, prostheses and manual control. Contains 53 papers and three discussion sessions.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 8
PART I: KEYNOTE ACORESS 14
Chapter 1. Forty-five Years of Man-Machine Systems: 14
ABSTRACT 14
HISTORY: FROM A TO B TO C 14
FOUR CURRENT TRENDS 16
CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 21
PART II: SURVEY LECTURES 24
Chapter 2. Flexible Autamtion - New Options for Men, Fmnrny and Society 24
INTRODUCTION 24
WHAT IS "FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION"? 24
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS 25
ORGANISATIONAL IMPLICATIONS 25
WORK ORGANISATION AND WORKERS' QUALIFICATION 25
MODEL FOR A PRODUCTION COOPERATIVE USING A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING CENTRE 25
THE MISSING LINK 26
MAN-MACHINE RELATIONSHIP 26
Chapter 3. Qualification Based production - The Superior Choice to the "UrmaMed Factory" 28
INTRODUCTION: TWO APPROACHES TOWARDS THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE 28
"UNMANNED FACTORY": THE TECHNOCENTRIC APPROACH 28
SKILL BASED PRODUCTION: THE ANTHROPOCENTRIC APPROACH 29
CONCLUSIONS: THE BETTER CHOICE 31
REFERENCES 31
Chapter 4. The Use of Rule-based System Technology for the Design of M-Machine Systems 34
1. INTRODUCTION 34
2. RULE-BASED SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION 35
3. EXPERT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 40
4. MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS ANALYSED: A RULE-BASED SYSTEM APPROACH 45
5. TWO CASE STUDIES 47
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 52
REFERENCES 52
Chapter 5. Expert logic V. operator logic 56
BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE, MODES OF REASONING, AND COGNITIVE STRATEGIES 56
CONCLUSIONS 60
REFERENCES 61
Chapter 6. Matching User Needs and Technologies of Displays and Graphics 64
INTRODUCTION 64
INFORMATION NEEDS OF USERS 64
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN DISPLAY AND GRAPHICS TECHNOLOGY 69
PERCEPTIONAL AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS 71
CONCLUSIONS 73
REFERENCES 73
PART III: AURXWICNANDOPERM'OR 76
Chapter 7. Task Analysis and the Definition of User Needs 76
INTRODUCTION 76
A SURVEY OF TASK ANALYSIS METHODS IN PRACTICE 76
OPEN SYSTEM TASK ANALYSIS 77
OPEN SYSTEMS TASK ANALYSIS AND USER NEEDS 77
CASE STUDIES IN THE SPECIFICATION OF USER REQUIREMENTS 77
CONCLUSION 78
REFERENCES 79
Chapter 8. Experhsntal Evaluation of Adaptive Task Allocation in an Aerial Search mvimt 80
INTRODUCTION 80
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 81
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 82
RESULTS 82
CONCLUSIONS 84
REFERENCES 85
Chapter 9. An Operator4riented Analysis of the Process Operator's Job 86
INTRODUCTION 86
METHOD 87
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 88
CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 10. Decision Support in Supervisory Control 92
INTRODUCTION 92
DECISION MAKING 93
COOPERATIVE DECISION MAKING 93
HIERARCHICAL DECISION SPACE 93
CONTENT OF DESIGNER-OPERATOR COMMUNICATION 94
INTERACTIVE DECISION MAKING 97
CONCLUSION 98
REFERENCES 99
Chapter 11. Investigation of Display Contents and Decision Support i n a Rule-based Fault Correction Task 104
INTRODUCTION 104
SIMULATED TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND DISPLAY DESIGN 105
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 106
RESULTS 108
CONCLUSIONS 110
REFERENCES 110
Chapter 12. Design Reqyiraents for a User-friendly Canputer-aided Decision Support 
112 
INTRODUCTION 112
STRUCTURE OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE 112
ACCESSIBILITY TO THE KNOWLEDGE BASE 113
EXAMPLES 113
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 114
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 13. operator Decision Making Under Stress 118
INTRODUCTION 118
METHOD 119
RESULTS 119
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 120
REFERENCES 120
Chapter 14. A Task Allocatian ppproach for the Man-Machine Intelligence Synergetic system 122
INTRODUCTION 122
INTELLIGENCE SYNERGISM 123
MAX-MIN PRINCIPLE OF TASK ALLOCATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND COMPUTER 124
CONCLUSION 125
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125
REFERENCE 125
Chapter 15. Computer Assistance - Inplicaticns for Memry Perfomce as a Function 
128 
INTRODUCTION 128
METHOD 129
RESULTS 131
DISCUSSION 132
CONCLUSIONS 133
REFERENCES 133
Chapter 16. Task Analysis in Interactive System Design and Evaluatim 136
INTRODUCTION 136
TASK ANALYSIS FOR KNOWLEDGE DESCRIPTIONS 137
TAKD FOR SYLLABUS DESIGN 137
TAKD AS A METHOD OF EVALUATING TRAINING SYLLABI 138
TAKD IN SYSTEM DESIGN 138
TAKD IN SYSTEM EVALUATION 139
CONCLUSION 139
REFERENCES 140
Chapter 17. Analysis of Preprocessors and Decision Aids in Organizations 142
INTRODUCTION 142
THE PREPROCESSOR MODEL 143
THE DUAL-TASK PROBLEM 144
CONCLUSIONS 147
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 18. Design of a Hierarchical Multiobjective Decision-support System for Inventory Planning and ccpltrol 148
1. INTRODUCTION 148
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE 149
3. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER-AIDED DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM 151
4. CONCLUSION 153
REFERENCES 153
Chapter 19. Modelling Human Operator Perfomce, Possibilities and Limitations 154
INTRODUCTION 154
MODELS TO DESCRIBE SKILL BASED BEHAVIOR 155
MODELS TO DESCRIBE RULE BASED BEHAVIOR 155
DESCRIPTION OF KNOWLEDGE BASED BEHAVIOR 157
CONCLUSIONS 158
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 158
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 20. Modelling Supervisory Pilot Behavior with General System Theory Formalism 160
INTRODUCTION 160
MODELING THE PILOT'S BEHAVIOR 160
MATHEMATICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION 161
CONCLUSION 165
REFERENCES 165
Chapter 21. Control Theoretic Analysis of Human Operator Mediated Rendezvous and Doking 166
INTRODUCTION 166
OUTLINE OF RVD CASE 167
OUTLINE OF ANALYSIS 167
RESULTS 169
CONCLUSION 171
REFERENCES 171
Chapter 22. An Approach of Dynamical Allocation of Supervision Tasks Between Man and computer in Control Rooms of Automatized production Systems 172
INTRODUCTION 172
I. DYNAMIC ALLOCATION OF DECISION TASKS BETWEEN MAN AND COMPUTER 172
II. MODELLING THE SUPERVISORY OPERATOR 173
Ill. OPERATION OF THE MODEL AND EXPECTED RESULTS 177
IV. CONCLUSION 177
BIBLIOGRAPHY 178
Chapter 23. An Intelligent Interface for Accessing a Technical Data Base 180
INTRODUCTION 180
DESCRIPTION OF ERDS 181
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 182
USER PROFILE AND REQUIREMENTS 182
INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS AND BASIC ARCHITECTURE 183
THE NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY INTERFACE 183
THE EXPERT INTERFACE 185
CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 186
Chapter 24. Kncwledge Engineering as a Human Interface Problem - Lessons of Building 
188 
INTRODUCTION 188
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE EXPERT SYSTEM 188
PARTNERSHIP ORIENTED SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION 189
CONCLUSION 192
Chapter 25. Artificial Intelligence for Cockpit Aids 194
INTRODUCTION 194
ANALYSIS OF FLIGHT CREW TASKS 194
AREAS AND TYPES OF DESIRABLE AIDS 197
HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES 198
RESEARCH NEEDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 199
CONCLUSION 200
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 26. Learning by Exploration 202
INTRODUCTION 202
METHODOLOGY 202
RESULTS 203
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS 205
REFERENCES 206
Chapter 27. Data Bases with fuzzy Infomtion and their Smrization in the E'rammrk 
208 
I. SUMMARIZATION OF DATA FROM A MANMACHINE POINT OF VIEW 208
II. BACKGROUND 208
Ill. SUMMARIES FOR ANSWERING QUERIES 209
IV. LOOKING FOR GENERAL LAWS 210
V. CONCLUSION : THE ADVANTAGES OF THE POSSIBILISTIC APPROACH FOR THE USER 211
REFERENCES 211
Chapter 28. Expert Resolutim 214
INTRODUCTION 214
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 214
THE EXPERIMENT 216
CONCLUSION 216
REFERENCES 216
PART IV: SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESIGN 218
Chapter 1. An Ergonanic StUay of 'Ik Query Languages for Relational Databases 218
INTRODUCTION 218
DATA BASE AND QUERY LANGUAGES 219
SECOND EXPERIMENT 221
THIRD EXPERIMENT 221
RESULTS 221
FURTHER EVALUATION 222
FOURTH EXPERIMENT 223
RELATION QUERY TIME AND ERRORS 223
ESTIMATION OF CORRECT PERFORMED QUERIES 223
RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRES 224
EVALUATION OF ALL RESULTS 224
Acknowledgements. 224
REFERENCES 224
Chapter 2. Cansiderations on Ergoncmic Deficiencies in Humam Factors Research from a Psychological point of View 226
INTRODUCTION 226
PROBLEM DOMAIN 227
DIALOGUE DESIGN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SELFDETERMINED TASK ACCOMPLISHMENT 227
A MODEL OF ACTION-SPHERES 228
EFFICIENT-DIVERGENT CONSEQUENCES 230
FURTHER PROBLEMS 231
REFERENCES 231
Chapter 3. Modelling and Assisting the operator's Diagnostic Strategies in Accident sequences 232
DIAGNOSIS DURING ABNORMAL CONDITIONS 232
CURRENT APPROACHES TO OPERATOR DECISION SUPPORT 232
UNDERSTANDING THE OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODEL FOR DECISION SUPPORT 233
ELICITING THE OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODEL 233
USING THE SCCM AS A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM 234
EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF EXPLORE IN PROVIDING DECISION SUPPORT 234
EVALUATION OF THE IMAS APPROACH 235
ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS FOR THE IMAS APPROACH 236
CONCLUSIONS 236
Acknowledgements 236
References 236
Chapter 4. Production Disturbances - A Safety Problem in Autcmtic Machines 244
INTRODUCTION 244
ACCIDENT STATISTICS 244
Ringdahl CASE STUDIES OF AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT 245
DISCUSSION 248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 249
REFERENCES 249
Chapter 5. Analysis and Design of a Nuclear Safety System v. the Operator T h Constraints 250
INTRODUCTION 250
ANALYSIS OF THE AFS PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR 250
Nuclear RELIABILITY ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH RBE 252
OPERATOR BEHAVIOUR MODEL 252
STUDY OF THE OPERATOR TIME CONSTRAINTS 253
CONCLUSIONS 253
REFERENCES 254
Chapter 6. Including the User's View in Systems Design 256
INTRODUCTION 256
DIALOGUE TOOLS 256
AN APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGY 257
CONCLUSIONS 258
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 258
REFERENCES 258
SYSTEM CONCEPT AND DESIGN 218
Chapter 7. User Acceptability of Man-Machine Systems 262
INTRODUCTION 262
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 263
DIMENSIONS OF USER ACCEPTANCE 264
EVALUATING ACCEPTANCE 266
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 266
REFERENCES 267
PART V: MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 268
Chapter 1. A Formal Method for Designing the Interface of Interactive Systems 268
INTRODUCTION 268
METHODOLOGY 270
RESULTS 271
CONCLUSION 273
REFERENCES 273
Chapter 2. Human Ability of Control and its Inprovement by Interface Inprovement by Interface 274
INTRODUCTION 274
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION 274
EXPERIMENT 275
EFFECT OF CONTROL DEVICE 275
EFFECT OF DISPLAY 276
EFFECTS OF MODELING ERROR AND CONTROL GAIN 276
STABILIZATION OF DOUBLE INVERTED PENDULUM 277
CONCLUSION 277
REFERENCES 277
Chapter 3. Graphics and Vision 
280 
INTRODUCTION 280
GRAPHIC INTERFACE 280
CONCLUSIONS 283
REFERENCES 284
Chapter 4. Shape Understanding via Fuzzy Models 288
INTRODUCTION 288
SHAPE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AND MANMACHINE COMMUNICATION 288
THE REPRESENTATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELS 289
DESCRIPTION OF PRIMITIVE SHAPES 289
FUZZY LABELING OF A CONVEX OUTLINE 290
IMPLEMENTATION 291
CONCLUSION 291
REFERENCES 291
Chapter 5. Conceptional Design of a Human Error Tolerant Interface for Complex Engineering Systems 294
INTRODUCTION 294
SPECIFICATIONS FOR AN ERROR-TOLERANT INTERFACE 294
PROPOSED DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 295
PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE FOR INTELLIGENT MONITORING 296
CONCLUSIONS 298
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 298
REFERENCES 298
Chapter 6. ADBS: A Tool for Designing and Inplemsnting the Man-Process Interface for Different Users 300
INTRODUCTION 300
PROGRAM STRUCTURE OF A MONITORING AND SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PROCESS AUTOMATION 300
SHELL-ORIENTED SYSTEM CONCEPT FOR ... 
300 
IMPLEMEWTATION 302
ADAPTATION FOR DIFFERENT USERS 304
CONCLUSION 304
REFERENCES 304
Chapter 7. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Individualization in Man-Computer Interaction 306
THEORETICAL CONTEXT 306
HYPOTHESIS 306
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TASK 306
RESULTS 307
DISCUSSION 308
CONCLUSION 308
REFERENCES 308
PART VI: SYSTEMS OPERATION 12
Chapter 1. Control Room Design from Situation Analysis to Final Lay-out: Operator Contributions and the Role of Ergonomics 312
1. INTRODUCTION 312
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN PROJECT 312
3. COMPARISON TO OTHER DESIGN PROJECTS 315
4. CONCLUSION 316
REFERENCES 316
Chapter 2. Collective Control in an Automatized System as Apprehended in Verbal Comrunications 318
INTRODUCTION 318
CASE STUDY 318
CONCLUSIONS 321
REFERENCES 322
Chapter 3. An Interactive Approach to Disturbance Analysis in Nuclear Power Plants 324
INTRODUCTION 324
COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF OPERATORS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 324
THE DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM SAAP-2 325
CONCLUSION 327
REFERNCES 327
Chapter 4. Features of MMI System of EURELIOS Solar Plant 330
INTRODUCTION AND SOLAR PLANT SURVEY 330
DATA BASE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON OPERATORS AND EXPERIMENTERS 331
OPERATION EXPERIENCE AND CONCLUSIONS 332
REFERENCES 333
Chapter 5. Design and Development of Human Interface in Engineering Workstation for Power System Planning 336
INTRODUCTION 336
ISSUE ON HUMAN INTERFACE 336
INTELLIGENT WORKSTATION FOR POWER SYSTEM PLANNING 337
CONCLUSIONS 340
REFERENCES 340
Chapter 6. Cockpit Analysis and Assessment by the MESSMSE Methodology 342
INTRODUCTION 342
A MODEL OF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTIONS FOR MESSAGE 343
USING THE MESSAGE SYSTEM 345
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 345
REFERENCES 346
Chapter 7. Laboratory and Moving-base Simulator Experiments on Speed and Accurancy of Visual and Whole-body Motion Perception 348
INTRODUCTION 348
TEST FACILITIES 348
EXPERIMENT I 349
EXPERIMENT II 351
EXPERIMENT III 351
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 352
REFERENCES 353
Chapter 8. Ccnparison of Conventional and Dialogue-oriented Concepts for the Use of Vechicle Information Systems 354
THE PROBLEM 354
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON INTERACTION TECHNIQUES FOR A CENTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM 355
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 356
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 357
CONCLUSIONS 359
BIBLIOGRAPHY 359
Chapter 9. Passengers Management and Guidance at Railway Station 360
INTRODUCTION 360
AUTOMATION OF THE REVENUE COLLECTION WORK 360
INSTRUCTION AND GUIDANCE OF PASSENGERS AT STATIONS 362
CONCLUSION 363
REFERENCES 363
Chapter 10. Control Properties of Hunan-prosthesis System with Bilinear Variable Structure 366
INTRODUCTION 366
MATHEMATICAL MODEL 366
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 371
REFERENCES 371
PART VII: ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION 372
Chapter 1. Industrial Problems Session 372
APPENDIX ROUND TABLE 1: INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS SESSIONS ON MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS Topics for Discussion
Chapter 2. Guidelines for the Design of Man-Machine Interfaces 374
Chapter 3. Humanization of Technology vs Human Engineering 376
Author Index 378
Subject Index 380

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.6.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Software Entwicklung ► User Interfaces (HCI)
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9809-4 / 1483298094
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9809-2 / 9781483298092