Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1992 (eBook)

Selected Papers from the Fifth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium, The Hague, Netherlands, 9 - 11 June 1992

H.G. Stassen (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
308 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9885-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Containing 4 plenary papers and 38 technical papers, this volume contributes to the literature on the important subject of man-machine systems. The many topics discussed include human performance skills, knowledge engineering and expert systems, training procedures, human performance and mental load models, and human-machine interfaces.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Analysis,Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1992 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 8
PLENARY PAPERS 14
Chapter 1.Teleoperation, Telerobotics, and Telepresence: A Progress Report 14
Introduction: Definitions and Taxonomy 14
Applications and Configurations 15
Human-Computer Cooperation in Planning, Command and Control 16
Other Aspects of Sensory Feedback: More Roles for the Computer 18
Non-anthropomorphic Telerobots: Airplanes, Automobiles and Power Plants 20
Conclusions 21
References 21
Chapter 2.Task Allocation Problems and Discrete Event Systems 22
INTRODUCTION 22
TASK ALLOCATION PROBLEMS 22
TASK ALLOCATION PROBLEMS FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 24
TASK ALLOCATION IN ORGANIZATIONS 26
THE COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS APPROACH TO TASK ALLOCATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND MACHINE 27
THEORY AND REALITY 29
CONCLUSIONS 30
REFERENCES 30
Chapter 3.Theoretical Problems in Man-Machine Systems and their Experimental Validation 32
1. INTRODUCTION 32
2. MODELLING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL WORKLOAD 33
3. TASK ALLOCATION AND DECISION SUPPORT 34
4. MAN-MACHINE INTERFACES 37
5. DESIGN PROBLEMS 37
6. EVALUATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION 38
7. CONCLUDING REMARK 41
REFERENCES 41
Chapter 4.Human Reliability in Process Control During Mal-functioning - A Survey of the Nuclear Industry 
44 
INTRODUCTION 44
SURVEY ON RESEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN WORK SITUATIONS 44
SURVEY ON MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 46
A CASE STUDY OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 48
CONCLUSION 50
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 50
REFERENCES 50
HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODELS 56
Chapter 5.Human Intervention in Supervisory Control 56
INTRODUCTION 56
METHOD 56
EXPERIMENT 1: THE DYNAMICS OF TRUST 56
RESULTS 56
EXPERIMENT 2: THE DYNAMICS OF INTERVENTION 57
RESULTS 57
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 57
REFERENCES 57
Chapter 6.Interfacing between Fuzzy Linguistic Controller and Expert's Behavioural Skills via Qualitative Mental Models 60
INTRODUCTION 60
A DESIGN OF A FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR SHIPMANEUVERING 61
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODELS BY QUALITATIVE REASONING 62
DEDUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF AN OPERATOR'S BEHAVIOUR 64
ADAPTIVE TUNING OF FUZZY CONTROLLER BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED PLANS 64
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 65
REFERENCES 65
Chapter 7.Fuzzy Set Theory for Modelling the Navigator's Behaviour 66
1. INTRODUCTION 66
2. NAVIGATION AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 67
3. FUZZY SET NAVIGATOR MODEL 68
4. EXPERIMENTS 70
5. DISCUSSION 70
6. CONCLUSION 70
REFERENCES 71
APPENDIX: FUZZY SET LOGIC 71
Chapter 8.Analysis of Operator Behaviour for Cognitive Model Implementation 74
ABSTRACT 74
KEYWORDS 74
INTRODUCTION 74
DESCRIPTION OF THE SITUATION 75
METHOD 76
RESULTS 80
CONCLUSIONS 82
Aknowledgements 82
REFERENCES 82
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND EXPERT SYSTEMS 84
Chapter 9.Failure Identification Procedure using Redundant Rules 84
INTRODUCTION 84
CONSTRUCTION OF REDUNDANT RULES 84
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 85
CONCLUSIONS 87
REFERENCES 87
Chapter 10.Man-Machine Aspects of Computer-aided Interactive Grasp Planning 90
INTRODUCTION 90
GEOMETRICAL MODELS OF THE SCENE. 91
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF GRASP 92
CONCLUSIONS 92
Acknowledgements 93
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 11.Knowledge-based Pattern-supported Man-Machine Interaction 96
INTRODUCTION 96
PATTERN REPRESENTATION 96
QUANTITIES, QUANTIFICATION, METRIC 97
GRAVITATIONAL DISTORTION OF THE PATTERN SPACE 98
EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIENCE 98
SOME RESULTS AND HYPOTHESES 99
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 100
REFERENCES 100
TASK ALLOCATION AND WORK DESIGN 102
Chapter 12.Modelling and Analysis of Human Task Allocation in a Bottling Hall 102
INTRODUCTION 102
HUNAN OPERATOR TASKS IN THE BOTTLING HALL 102
MODELLING AND EVALUATING TEAMS OF HUMAN OPERATORS 103
A MODEL OF AN INTERACTING HUMAN OPERATOR 103
APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS 105
FUTURE RESEARCH 107
CONCLUSIONS 107
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 107
REFERENCES 107
Chapter 13.An Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Allocation of Tasks between Air Traffic Controller and A.I. Systems 108
ABSTRACT 108
I. INTRODUCTION 108
II. MAN-MACHINE COOPERATION PRINCIPLES 108
III. THE EXPERIMENTAL PLATFORM : SPECTRA 109
IV. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL 110
V. THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS 111
VI. SYNTHESIS OF THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND FUTURE COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION 112
VII. CONCLUSION 113
REFERENCES 113
Chapter 14.Robots, Working Conditions and Job Content: Opportunities and Hindrances for the Improvement of the Quality of Working Life 114
INTRODUCTION 114
CASE STUDIES 115
REDUCING RISKS FOR SAFETY, HEALTH AND JOB CONTENT: GUIDELINES 118
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 119
SELECTED REFERENCES 120
MANUAL CONTROL I 122
Chapter 12.Sensory Substitution for Force Feedback in Teleoperation 122
INTRODUCTION 122
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 123
OBJECT CONTACT EXPERIMENTS 123
PEG-IN-HOLE EXPERIMENTS 125
TIME DELAY EXPERIMENTS 126
CONCLUSIONS 127
REFERENCES 127
Chapter 13.Manual Control using Predictor Displays 128
INTRODUCTION 128
PREDICTOR DISPLAYS IN MANUAL CONTROL 129
APPLICATION TO A TOWED SUBMERSIBLE 131
EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN OPERATION 131
CONCLUSIONS 133
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 133
REFERENCES 133
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL LOAD MODELS 134
Chapter 14.Identification and Application of Neural Operator Models in a Car Driving Situation 134
INTRODUCTION 134
CONCLUSION 139
REFERENCES 139
Chapter 15.Team Relative Operating Characteristic: A Measure of Team Expertise in Distributed Detection Tasks 140
INTRODUCTION 140
EXPERIMENT DESIGN 141
NORMATIVE-DESCRIPTIVE MODEL 143
DISCUSSION 145
REFERENCES 145
Chapter 16.Adaptation to Unexpected Variations of an Inertial Load in Goal Directed Movements 146
INTRODUCTION 146
METHODS 146
RESULTS 148
DISCUSSION 150
REFERENCES 151
TRAINING PROCEDURES 152
Chapter 17.Mental Set and Complexity Effects in the Diagnosis of Simultaneous Faults in a Simple Binary Adder 152
ABSTRACT 152
INTRODUCTION 152
EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS 152
METHOD 153
RESULTS 153
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 154
REFERENCES: 155
Chapter 18.The Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Novel Training Environment for Control Operators 158
INTRODUCTION 158
ON DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 158
ON AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 159
THE DESIGN OF THE PREDICTIVE MANMACHINE ENVIRONMENT (PMME) 159
THE SIMULATED AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ENVIRONMENT 160
THE IMPLEMENTATION O F THE PMME 160
EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR EVALUATION 162
CONCLUSIONS 162
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 163
REFERENCES 163
SUPERVISORY CONTROL 164
Chapter 19.Modeling and Analysis of Manned Robotic Systems 164
Abstract 164
1. INTRODUCTION 164
2. MANNED ROBOTIC SYSTEMS 164
3. MODEL STRUCTURE 165
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 168
5. REFERENCES 168
Chapter 20.Control of a Fishing Trawl: A Multi-instrument Process Control Situation 170
INTRODUCTION 170
ANALYSIS OF THE INSTRUMENT PRODUCED BY THE SKILLED SKIPPER 171
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKILLED SKIPPER'S INSTRUMENT 173
DISCUSSION 174
CONCLUSIONS 175
REFERENCES 175
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES I 176
Chapter 21.Separation of User Interface and Application with the Delft Direct Manipulation Manager (D2M2) 176
INTRODUCTION 176
RELATED WORK 176
CONCEPTS 177
ARCHITECTURE 178
EXAMPLE 180
FILEMANAGER 181
CONCLUSIONS 181
REITCRENCES 181
Chapter 22.Designing for Telepresence: The Interdependence of Movement and Visual Perception Implemented 182
INTRODUCTION 182
DEFINITIONS AND SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF THE DELFT DEPTH TELEVISION SYSTEM 182
PERCEPTUAL THEORY AND TELEPRESENCE 185
APPLICATIONS: NEW PERCEPTUAL AIDS USING TELEPRESENCE 186
CONCLUSIONS 187
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 187
SELECTED REFERENCES 2 187
Chapter 23.User Oriented Design of Man Machine Interfaces: The Design of Man Machine Interfaces for a Processing Line A Case Study
1. INTRODUCTION 190
2. THE DESIGN PROCESS 191
3. SPECIFICATION 191
4. CONTROL ROOMS 193
5. COMPUTER INTERFACES 193
6. LOCAL OPERATOR STATIONS 195
7. CONCLUSIONS 195
Chapter 24.Alarm Filtering vs. Failure Prediction: How Best to Reduce Operator Overload 196
ALARM FILTERING AS A MEASURE AGAINST OPERATOR OVERLOAD 196
THE 'COGNITIVE VIEWPOINT' 197
OVERVIEW OVER THE GRADIENT SYSTEM 197
THE MECHANISM OF THE CP-SES 198
DISCUSSION 198
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 198
REFERENCES 198
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS I 202
Chapter 25.Daisy, a Knowledgeable Monitoring and Warning Aid for the Driver on German Motorways 202
1. INTRODUCTION 202
2. THE HUMAN DRIVER 202
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 203
4.OPERATIONAL MODES 203
5. IMPLEMENTATION 203
6. RESULTS 206
7. CONCLUSION 207
8. REFERENCES 207
Chapter 26.Knowledge Based Cockpit Assistant for Controlled Airspace Right Operation 208
1.INTRQPUCTIQN 208
2. STRUCTURE QF THE COCKPIT ASSISTANT SYSTEM 208
3. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING 210
4. ÇQNÇLUSIQN 212
5. REFERENCES 213
Chapter 27.A Connectionist Traffic Sign Recognition System for Onboard Driver Information 214
INTRODUCTION 214
TRAFFIC SIGN RECOGNITION 214
CONCLUSION 219
REFERENCES 219
MANUAL CONTROL II 220
Chapter 28.Manual Control of Slowly Responding Processes by Use of Online Simulation Models 220
INTRODUCTION 220
GRAPHICAL-INTERACTIVE MANIPULATION 221
APPLICATION TO A SHIP MANOEUVRING TASK 223
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONTROL INPUT MODE 225
DISCUSSION, CONCLUDING REMARKS 226
REFERENCES 227
Chapter 29.Aiding the Operator in the Manual Control of a Space Manipulator 228
1.INTRODUCTION 228
2.TACKLING THE DEFINED PROBLEMS 228
3. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY 229
4. VISIBILITY ASPECTS FOR A ROUGH POSITIONING TASK 229
5. ON TASK ALLOCATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND COMPUTER FOR AN INSERT TASK 230
6. NON-LINEAR AND SLOW DYNAMICS: AIDING THE OPERATOR WITH A PREDICTIVE DISPLAY 231
7. DESCRIBING THE OPERATOR AS A PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER 232
8.CONCLUSIONS 233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 233
REFERENCES 233
Chapter 30.Biomechanics in Aircraft Control 234
Introduction 234
Model Description 234
Applications 236
HUMAN RELIABILITY 240
Chapter 31.Analysis and Modelling of Pilot Airplane Interaction by an Integrated Simulation Approach 240
INTRODUCTION 240
THE SYSTEM RESPONSE GENERATOR 241
CASE STUDY: THE APPROACH TO LANDING PHASE FOR CIVIL AIRCRAFT 242
CONCLUSIONS 247
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 247
REFERENCES 247
Chapter 32.Method for the Probabilistic Failure Analysis of a Man-Machine System 248
INTRODUCTION 248
METHOD 249
APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO A MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM 249
DISCUSSION 254
CONCLUSIONS AND STATEMENTS ABOUT FUTURE APPLICATIONS 254
REFERENCES 254
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES II 262
Chapter 33.Modelling the Human Factor 256
SUMMARY 256
1. INTRODUCTION 256
2. PROBLEM ANALYSIS 256
3. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT 257
4. SOLUTIONS 257
5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS 259
REFERENCES 259
Chapter 34.The Design of Multimedia Interfaces for Process Control 262
THE NEED FOR A NEW APPROACH TO INTERFACE DESIGN IN PROCESS CONTROL 262
SO WHAT'S DIFFERENT ABOUT MULTIMEDIA? 262
A MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE - WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? 263
WHAT SHOULD WE BE EXPLOITING IN THE MULTIMEDIA APPROACH? 264
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS IN PROCESS CONTROL 264
HOW CAN WE CHARACTERISE DIFFERENT INFORMATION COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS AND MEDIA? 265
THE APPROACH TO MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE DESIGN 266
TWO EXAMPLES - COMPARISON AND PATTERN MATCHING 266
CONCLUSIONS 267
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 267
REFERENCES 267
Chapter 35.A Software System for Designing and Evaluating In-car Information System Interfaces 270
INTRODUCTON 270
FUNCTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM 271
CONCEPTION AND ARCHITECTURE 272
APPLICATIONS 274
CONCLUSION 274
REFERENCES 275
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS II 276
Chapter 36.Human-Computer Interaction in Context: Physician Interaction with Automated Intravenous Controllers in the Heart Room 276
INTRODUCTION 276
COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVICE USE IN CONTEXT 277
DISCUSSION 280
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 281
REFERENCES 281
Chapter 37.Field Evaluation of Knowledge Based Systems: The Medical System Plexus 288
INTRODUCTION 288
CLINICAL EFFICACY 289
ACCEPTABILITY 293
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACE 294
CONCLUSIONS 294
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 294
REFERENCES 294
ROUND TABLE DISCUSSIONS 13
Chapter 38.Do We need 'Man in the Man-Machine Systems? If so, why and for what ? 296
Chapter 39.User Interface Design: Technology Led or User Driven 298
AUTHOR INDEX 300
KEYWORD INDEX 302

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.6.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9885-X / 148329885X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9885-6 / 9781483298856