Diffusion in Solids (eBook)

Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controlled Processes

Helmut Mehrer (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 1. Auflage
XIX, 654 Seiten
Springer-Verlag
978-3-540-71488-0 (ISBN)

Infos

This book describes the central aspects of diffusion in solids, and goes on to provide easy access to important information about diffusion in metals, alloys, semiconductors, ion-conducting materials, glasses and nanomaterials.

Coverage includes diffusion-controlled phenomena including ionic conduction, grain-boundary and dislocation pipe diffusion. This book will benefit graduate students in such disciplines as solid-state physics, physical metallurgy, materials science, and geophysics, as well as scientists in academic and industrial research laboratories.

Inhalt

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 10
1 History and Bibliography of Diffusion 19
1.1 Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion 20
References 34
1.2 Bibliography of Solid-State Diffusion 36
Fundamentals of Diffusion 42
2 Continuum Theory of Diffusion 43
2.1 Fick’s Laws in Isotropic Media 43
2.2 Diffusion Equation in Various Coordinates 47
2.3 Fick’s Laws in Anisotropic Media 49
References 51
3 Solutions of the Diffusion Equation 53
3.1 Steady-State Diffusion 53
3.2 Non-Steady-State Diffusion in one Dimension 55
3.3 Point Source in one, two, and three Dimensions 68
References 69
4 Random Walk Theory and Atomic Jump Process 70
4.1 Random Walk and Diffusion 71
4.2 Atomic Jump Process 79
References 81
5 Point Defects in Crystals 83
5.1 Pure Metals 84
5.2 Substitutional Binary Alloys 94
5.3 Ionic Compounds 97
5.4 Intermetallics 100
5.5 Semiconductors 102
References 105
6 Diffusion Mechanisms 108
6.1 Interstitial Mechanism 108
6.2 Collective Mechanisms 110
6.3 Vacancy Mechanism 111
6.4 Divacancy Mechanism 113
6.5 Interstitialcy Mechanism 113
6.6 Interstitial-substitutional Exchange Mechanisms 115
References 116
7 Correlation in Solid-State Diffusion 118
7.1 Interstitial Mechanism 120
7.2 Interstitialcy Mechanism 120
7.3 Vacancy Mechanism of Self-diffusion 121
7.4 Correlation Factors of Self-diffusion 128
7.5 Vacancy-mediated Solute Diffusion 129
7.6 Concluding Remarks 135
References 137
8 Dependence of Diffusion on Temperature and Pressure 139
8.1 Temperature Dependence 139
8.2 Pressure Dependence 144
8.3 Correlations between Diffusion and Bulk Properties 153
References 159
9 Isotope Effect of Diffusion 162
9.1 Single-jump Mechanisms 162
9.2 Collective Mechanisms 166
9.3 Isotope Effect Experiments 166
References 170
10 Interdiffusion and Kirkendall Effect 171
10.1 Interdiffusion 171
10.2 Intrinsic Diffusion and Kirkendall Effect 178
10.3 Darken Equations 180
10.4 Darken-Manning Equations 182
10.5 Microstructural Stability of the Kirkendall Plane 183
References 186
11 Diffusion and External Driving Forces 188
11.1 Overview 188
11.2 Fick’s Equations with Drift 190
11.3 Nernst-Einstein Relation 191
11.4 Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ionic Conductors and Haven Ratio 193
11.5 Nernst-Planck Equation – Interdiffusion in Ionic Crystals 195
11.6 Nernst-Planck Equation 197
Darken Equation 197
References 198
12 Irreversible Thermodynamics and Diffusion 200
12.1 General Remarks 200
12.2 Phenomenological Equations of Isothermal Diffusion 202
12.3 The Phenomenological Coefficients 208
References 214
Experimental Methods 216
13 Direct Diffusion Studies 217
13.1 Direct versus Indirect Methods 217
13.2 The Various Diffusion Coefficients 220
13.3 Tracer Diffusion Experiments 223
13.4 Isotopically Controlled Heterostructures 231
13.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 232
13.6 Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) 235
13.7 Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 238
13.8 Ion-beam Analysis: RBS and NRA 239
References 242
14 Mechanical Spectroscopy 245
14.1 General Remarks 245
14.2 Anelasticity and Internal Friction 247
14.3 Techniques of Mechanical Spectroscopy 250
14.4 Examples of Diffusion-related Anelasticty 252
14.5 Magnetic Relaxation 258
References 259
15 Nuclear Methods 260
15.1 General Remarks 260
15.2 Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (NMR) 260
15.3 M¨ ossbauer Spectroscopy (MBS) 271
15.4 Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) 276
References 288
16 Electrical Methods 291
16.1 Impedance Spectroscopy 291
16.2 Spreading Resistance Profiling 296
References 299
Diffusion in Metallic Materials 300
17 Self-diffusion in Metals 301
17.1 General Remarks 301
17.2 Cubic Metals 303
17.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed and Tetragonal Metals 310
17.4 Metals with Phase Transitions 312
References 315
18 Diffusion of Interstitial Solutes in Metals 317
18.1 ‘Heavy’ Interstitial Solutes C, N, and O 317
18.2 Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals 321
References 328
19 Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys 331
19.1 Diffusion of Impurities 331
19.2 Impurity Diffusion in ‘Open’ Metals – Dissociative Mechanism 337
19.3 Solute Diffusion and Solvent Diffusion in Alloys 340
References 342
20 Diffusion in Binary Intermetallics 344
20.1 General Remarks 344
20.2 Influence of Order-Disorder Transitions 347
20.3 B2 Intermetallics 349
20.4 L12 Intermetallics 358
20.5 D03 Intermetallics 360
20.6 Uniaxial Intermetallics 363
20.7 Laves Phases 367
20.8 The Cu3Au Rule 369
References 370
21 Diffusion in Quasicrystalline Alloys 373
21.1 General Remarks on Quasicrystals 373
21.2 Diffusion Properties of Quasicrystals 375
References 383
Diffusion in Semiconductors 385
22 General Remarks on Semiconductors 386
22.1 ‘Semiconductor Age’ and Diffusion 387
22.2 Specific Features of Semiconductor Diffusion 390
References 393
23 Self-diffusion in Elemental Semiconductors 395
23.1 Intrinsic Point Defects and Diffusion 396
23.2 Germanium 398
23.3 Silicon 402
References 406
24 Foreign-Atom Diffusion in Silicon and Germanium 408
24.1 Solubility and Site Occupancy 408
24.2 Diffusivities and Diffusion Modes 411
24.3 Self- and Foreign Atom Diffusion – a Summary 420
References 421
25 Interstitial-Substitutional Diffusion 424
25.1 Combined Dissociative and Kick-out Diffusion 424
25.2 Kick-out Mechanism 430
25.3 Dissociative Mechanism 438
References 444
Diffusion and Conduction in Ionic Materials 446
26 Ionic Crystals 447
26.1 General Remarks 447
26.2 Point Defects in Ionic Crystals 449
26.3 Methods for the Study of Defect and Transport Properties 454
26.4 Alkali Halides 456
26.5 Silver Halides AgCl and AgBr 466
References 471
27 Fast Ion Conductors 473
27.1 Fast Silver-Ion Conductors 475
27.2 PbF2 and other Halide Ion Conductors 478
27.3 Stabilised Zirconia and related Oxide Ion Conductors 479
27.4 Perovskite Oxide Ion Conductors 480
27.5 Sodium ß-Alumina and related Materials 480
27.6 Lithium Ion Conductors 482
27.7 Polymer Electrolytes 483
References 486
Diffusion in Glasses 489
28 The Glassy State 490
28.1 What is a Glass? 490
28.2 Volume-Temperature Diagram 491
28.3 Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagram 493
28.4 Glass Families 495
References 498
29 Diffusion in Metallic Glasses 500
29.1 General Remarks 500
29.2 Structural Relaxation and Diffusion 503
29.3 Diffusion Properties of Metallic Glasses 506
29.4 Diffusion and Viscosity in Glass-forming Alloys 514
References 515
30 Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Oxide Glasses 518
30.1 General Remarks 518
30.2 Experimental Methods 523
30.3 Gas Permeation 526
30.4 Examples of Diffusion and Ionic Conduction 527
References 539
Diffusion along High-Diffusivity Paths and in Nanomaterials 541
31 High-diffusivity Paths in Metals 542
31.1 General Remarks 542
31.2 Diffusion Spectrum 543
31.3 Empirical Rules for Grain-Boundary Diffusion 544
31.4 Lattice Diffusion and Microstructural Defects 546
References 547
32 Grain-Boundary Diffusion 548
32.1 General Remarks 548
32.2 Grain Boundaries 549
32.3 Diffusion along an Isolated Boundary ( Fisher Model) 554
32.4 Diffusion Kinetics in Polycrystals 563
32.5 Grain-Boundary Diffusion and Segregation 571
32.6 Atomic Mechanisms of Grain-Boundary Diffusion 574
References 575
33 Dislocation Pipe Diffusion 578
33.1 Dislocation Pipe Model 579
33.2 Solutions for Mean Thin Layer Concentrations 581
References 586
34 Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Materials 587
34.1 General Remarks 587
34.2 Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials 588
34.3 Diffusion in Poly- and Nanocrystals 593
34.4 Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals 600
34.5 Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Nanocrystalline Ceramics 606
References 612
List of Figures 615
Index 633

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.7.2007
• Reihe/Serie: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
• Zusatzinfo: XIX, 654 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Statistik
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Wahrscheinlichkeit / Kombinatorik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: alloy • Crystal • Diffusion • glasses • Ionic conductors • metals • Nanomaterial • semiconductors • spectroscopy • thermodynamics
• ISBN-10: 3-540-71488-X / 354071488X
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-71488-0 / 9783540714880