Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology (eBook)

The Guide for the Digital Age - from HDTV, DVD and flat-screen technologies to Multimedia Broadcasting, Mobile TV and Blu Ray

K. F. Ibrahim (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 4. Auflage
608 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-055066-4 (ISBN)

Infos

This book provides a full and comprehensive coverage of video and television technology including the latest developments in display equipment, HDTV and DVD. Starting with TV fundamentals, the bulk of the book covers the many new technologies that are bringing growth to the TV and video market, such as plasma and LCD, DLP (digital light processing), DVD, Blu ray technology, Digital television, High Definition television (HDTV) and video projection systems.

For each technology, a full explanation is provided of its operation and practical application, supported by over 300 diagrams including schematic diagrams of commercially available consumer equipment. Where relevant, testing and fault finding procedures are outlined together with typical fault symptoms supported by photographs.

The new edition has a number of useful appendices on microcomputer/microcontroller systems, test instruments, serial buses (I2C and RS 232), teletext and error correction techniques.

The book is intended for students of electronics and practicing engineers. In particular, it will useful for students on vocational courses and service engineers as well as enthusiasts.

*The definitive guide to the new technologies transforming the world of television: HDTV, Digital TV, DVD recorders, hard disk recorders, wide-screen CRT, flat screen technologies...
*A practical approach, including troubleshooting and servicing information
*Covers UK, European and North American systems

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Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology provides a full and comprehensive coverage of video and television technology including the latest developments in display equipment, HDTV and DVD. Starting with TV fundamentals, the bulk of the book covers the many new technologies that are bringing growth to the TV and video market, such as plasma and LCD, DLP (digital light processing), DVD, Blu ray technology, Digital television, High Definition television (HDTV) and video projection systems. For each technology, a full explanation is provided of its operation and practical application, supported by over 300 diagrams including schematic diagrams of commercially available consumer equipment. Where relevant, testing and fault finding procedures are outlined together with typical fault symptoms supported by photographs. The new edition has a number of useful appendices on microcomputer/microcontroller systems, test instruments, serial buses (I2C and RS 232), teletext and error correction techniques. The book is intended for students of electronics and practicing engineers. In particular, it will useful for students on vocational courses and service engineers as well as enthusiasts. The definitive guide to the new technologies transforming the world of television: HDTV, Digital TV, DVD recorders, hard disk recorders, wide-screen CRT, flat screen technologies and others A practical approach, including troubleshooting and servicing information Covers UK, European and North American systems

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 8
Preface 22
Chapter 1. Television fundamentals 24
Scanning 24
Interlacing 26
Synchronisation pulses 27
Composite video waveform 27
Common image format 29
Active lines 29
Aspect ratio 30
Pixels and bandwidth 30
Video bandwidth 30
Television broadcasting 31
Modulation 32
Frequency spectrum, PAL channel 32
Channel allocation 34
Frequency spectrum, NTSC channel 35
Chapter 2. Colour television 36
Light and colour 36
The sensation of colour 36
Primary colours 37
The colour triangle 38
Saturation and hue 38
Chromaticity diagram 39
Colour temperature 40
Principles of colour transmission 41
Frequency interleaving 41
Quadrature amplitude modulation 44
NTSC colour components 46
NTSC refresh rate 46
Composite colour signal 47
Colour burst 47
The standard colour bar display 48
Gamma-correction 49
Weighting factors 50
PAL colour system 50
Chapter 3. Digital television 54
Principles of digital video broadcasting 54
Digitising the TV picture 55
SDTV sampling rate 56
Video sampling 57
4:2:2 sampling structure 58
4:1:1 sampling structure 58
4:2:0 sampling structure 59
The bit rate 60
Chapter 4. MPEG encoding 62
Video MPEG-2 coding 63
Video data preparation 63
Temporal compression 64
Group of pictures 66
Block matching 66
Predicted and difference frames 67
Bidirectional prediction 68
Spatial compression 69
The discrete cosine transform 69
Quantising the DCT block 73
Zigzag scanning of the DCT matrix 74
Coding of DCT coefficients 76
Buffering 77
The complete DCT coder 78
Forward prediction coder-decoder, codec 78
GOP construction 80
Chapter 5. High definition television 82
Why HDTV? 82
HDTV common interface format 82
The road to MPEG-4/H.264/AVC 83
MPEG-4 profiles 84
H.264/AVC features 84
Intra-frame (spatial) prediction 85
Intra-blocks and modes 85
Size and mode selection 88
Intra-prediction operation 88
AVC motion compensation 89
Motion compensation block sizes 90
Motion vector prediction 91
New transforms and quantisation 91
Adaptive de-blocking filter 91
New entropy coding technology 95
Summarised features of AVC 95
Chapter 6. Audio encoding 96
Principles of MPEG-1 audio 96
MPEG audio basic elements 97
The full Layer II audio coder 105
Layer III coding 105
Pre-echo 106
Full Layer III audio coder 107
Advanced audio coding 108
MPEG-2 AAC 108
MPEG-4 audio 111
MPEG-4 AAC 112
Low-delay AAC 114
Surround sound 115
Multi-channel formats 116
Perception of sounds in space 116
Chapter 7. MPEG-2 transport stream 120
Transport stream multiplexing 120
MPEG-2 PES packet 122
Time stamps 124
Program clock reference 124
Transport stream packet 125
Null transport packets 125
Transport packet header 126
Programme-specific information 128
Transport stream multiplexing 129
Re-multiplexing 131
Chapter 8. Channel encoding 132
Scrambling 132
Forward error correction 132
Error correction 134
FEC processing 136
Modulation 137
Phase shift keying 137
Quadrature amplitude modulation 139
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 140
Single-frequency network 144
Coded OFDM 146
8K/2K COFDM modes 146
High definition terrestrial television 148
Satellite channel encoder 148
Terrestrial channel encoder 149
Chapter 9. Video re-production 152
Overview 152
Display units 154
The cathode ray tube 154
Extra high tension 155
Monochrome tube 156
Screen size 158
Raster geometry 158
Scan velocity modulation 159
Beam modulation 159
Colour receiver tubes 160
Purity 160
Convergence 161
The shadowmask tube 162
The in-line colour tube 163
The trinitron tube 163
The PIL tube 164
Chapter 10. Plasma panels 166
Introduction to flat panel displays 166
Resolution: flat panel versus CRT 169
Plasma operation 170
Address display separated 173
Driving the panel 176
Scanning: sequential and interlaced 178
Sub-field coding 179
Plasma panel brightness 180
Dual scan 181
Selective erase addressing 181
Sustain-during-erase 182
Greyscale and colours 182
False contours 183
Time compression 184
Adaptive time compression 186
Sub-field splitting 186
Non-binary sub-field coding 187
Dynamic brightness control 187
Black level drive 189
Sub-field generation 191
Alternate lighting of surfaces 193
Enhanced-ALiS 194
4-phase sub-field drive 195
Pioneer’s Waffle rib and T-shaped structured panel 196
Plasma panel faults 196
Drive faults 196
Image burn 196
Chapter 11. Liquid crystal display (LCD) 202
Polarisation 202
Principles of operation of LC cell 202
Reflective and transmissive 204
The TN transmissive LCD 205
Normally white and normally black 206
Passive- and active-matrix LCDs 206
TFT cell drive 208
Response time 210
Polarity inversion 212
Greyscale and colour generation 215
Panel drive 216
The backlight assembly 218
CCFT parameters 220
Tube brightness control 220
The d.c.–a.c. inverter 222
Lamp error detection 224
Adaptive transmissive scaling 225
LCD panel faults 225
Drive faults 228
Chapter 12. DLP and SED 230
Principles of DLP display 230
Greyscale generation 231
Bit splitting 232
DMD structure 233
DMD operation 234
DMD addressing cycle 236
Multiplexed addressing 237
Generating colour 239
The rainbow effect 240
The three-chip DLP 241
Principles of SED panel 242
Chapter 13. Television receivers CRT-type 244
The analogue TV receiver 244
The front end 246
RF oscillator 248
Mixer-oscillator 249
Complete tuner 249
The phase-locked loop 249
Synthesised tuning 251
The IF stage 252
The IF response curve 253
The vision detector 254
Synchronous demodulator 255
Tuner IC package 256
The sync separator 257
Flywheel sync separator 258
Sandcastle pulse 261
Field timebase 261
Field output stage 262
Line timebase and drive 264
S-correction 267
Line output transformer 270
Chapter 14. Television receivers: colour processing 274
Colour burst processing 274
Colour decoding 276
The comb filter 278
Comb filter delays 282
U and V separation 283
Colour difference demodulation 284
Matrix network 285
Beam limiting 286
Signal-processing IC package 287
RGB output stage 290
Chapter 15. DC power generation 294
CRT television power requirements 294
Linear regulators 294
Thyristor-controlled rectifier 296
Switched-mode power supplies 297
High-frequency chokes 302
Start-up and soft start 302
Standby supply 302
Self-oscillating power supply 303
Resonant converters 305
Chapter 16. Flat panel television receivers 306
Video formatting 307
Scan-rate conversion 309
Image scaling 309
De-gamma correction and error and diffusion 310
Digital video interface 310
Low-voltage differential signalling 312
PanelLink 314
Transition minimised differential signalling 315
DVI connector pin-out 316
High-definition multimedia interface 317
Architecture of HDMI 318
HDMI operation 318
HDMI encoding 319
Operating modes 320
Content protection, HDCP 320
HDMI connectors 321
Chip count 323
Philips 2-chip solution 323
Panasonic GC3 2-chip solution 324
Samsung single-chip solution 326
Plasma panel power generation 326
Power factor correction 327
Soft-switching resonant d.c.–d.c. converters 331
Principle of operation of resonant converters 332
Steady-state analysis of a basic ZCS resonant converter 332
Zero voltage switching 334
Energy recovery 335
Fault finding on plasma television 338
Pixel defects 340
Picture faults 340
DC power failure 341
Fault finding in an LCD television receiver 342
Faulty CCF tube 343
The classic stuck in standby fault (plasma and LCD) 343
Chapter 17. TV sound, mono and NICAM 344
TV FM mono system 344
Receiver circuit 345
Frequency demodulation 345
De-emphasis 346
NICAM 347
14-to-10 digital companding 349
Interleaving 352
Framing 352
NICAM reception 353
DQPSK decoder 354
NICAM decoder 355
Multi-sound processor 356
Multi-standard MSP 357
Audio amplification 358
Chapter 18. The digital TV reception 362
The digital receiver/decoder of set-top-box 362
System overview 362
DVB satellite channel decoder 364
DVB terrestrial channel decoder 367
OFDM demodulation 368
Transport demultiplexing and MPEG decoding 370
The I2S serial sound bus 373
SPDIF digital interface 374
UHF modulator 375
The integrated digital television 376
Flat panel iDTV 377
The HD decoder box 377
The HD ready television receiver 378
Testing the digital TV decoder box 381
Aerials and dishes 381
The boot-up sequence 383
Testing channel decoder 384
Testing the transport/MPEG decoder 385
Memory faults and their symptoms 387
Chapter 19. Projection systems 390
CRT-based projection systems 390
Microdisplay-based systems 393
The illumination assembly 393
DMD-based projectors 393
HTPS-based systems 395
Colour filter HTPS 395
Colour filterless 3-panel HTPS projector 396
Pros and cons of HTPS projectors 398
Liquid crystal on silicon systems 399
The three-PBS LCoS system 401
ColorSelectTM LCoS-based systems 401
Merits and demerits of LCoS projection systems 402
Other projector technologies 403
The 3-panel HTPS projector block diagram 404
Three-dimensional video display 404
3D LCD panels 408
Power supply requirements 408
Chapter 20. DVD 410
DVD construction 410
DVD capacity 412
Storage capacity 414
Recording sectors 415
Rotation speed 415
Data transfer 416
Triple-layer DVD 417
DVD encoding process 417
Video encoding 420
Audio encoding 420
Dolby digital (AC-3) encoding 421
Linear PCM 421
PES packet construction 422
Forward error correction„DVD/HD DVD 423
Non-return-to-zero encoding 423
Eight-to-sixteen modulation (EFM+) 424
DVD playback system 424
The optical pickup head 425
Focus depth and numerical aperture 427
The photodiode detector assembly 428
Focus error 428
Tracking error 430
The tracking and focus two-axis device 430
Compatible pickup 430
Signal processing and control 431
The RF processor 433
Servo control 435
The error signals 435
Playback start-up routine 436
CD/DVD detection 436
Focus search 436
Single/dual-layer detection 436
Tracking control 437
Typical servo control chip 438
The user interface 438
Power supply requirements 441
Content protection 441
Film grain technology 443
Interactivity 443
Chapter 21. Magnetic tape recording 444
History and development 444
Magnetic tape basics 447
Transfer characteristic and bias 449
Head-tape flux transfer 451
Replay considerations 453
Modulation system 454
Pre-emphasis 456
Principle of helical scan 457
Track configuration 460
Scanning systems 461
The azimuth technique 461
The video track 462
Miniature VHS head drum 463
Tracking 465
Automatic track finding 466
Video-8 tape-signal spectrum 467
Luminance recording and replay 467
Dropout 470
Crispening 470
Colour signals in the VCR 471
Down-conversion 473
Chroma recording 474
Video-8 format chrominance 475
Signal processing chip 476
Audio signal processing 476
Depth-multiplex audio 478
Frequency-multiplex audio 479
PCM audio 480
The complete VCR 484
UHF tuner and IF amplifier 484
Sound 486
Bias oscillator 486
RF modulator 486
Clock back-up 487
Video tape formats 487
Chapter 22. Digital recording and camcorder 490
Signal processing: record 491
DV audio processing 492
Signal processing: replay 493
DV track configuration 493
DV tracking system 494
System parameters 494
DV tape and cassette 494
Digital-8 format 497
D-8 recording system 497
Other DV formats: DVCAM 500
DVCPRO (professional) 500
Hard disk recording 502
Digital video recorder 504
Recording files 504
Audio and video capture 505
Editing 505
Rendering 506
DV Editing 506
Recordable DVD 506
Layout of recordable DVD 508
Burst cutting area 510
Write strategies 510
DVD recorder 511
HDD recorder 512
Camcorders 513
Optical section 515
CCD image sensor 516
Image stabilisation 516
Digital picture zoom 517
Electronic viewfinder 517
Audio section 518
D-8 signal processing 518
D-8 playback 520
Chapter 23. Cable and on-line television 522
Cable types 523
Transmission modes 523
The network 524
Propagation modes in glass-fibre cables 525
Multimedia ‘cable TV’ 527
Chapter 24. Multimedia convergence 530
Digital multimedia broadcasting 530
DVB-H 531
Handheld screen resolution 532
DVB-H system properties 532
Time-slicing 532
IP interfacing 533
Enhanced FEC 534
Enhanced signalling 536
The 4K transmission mode 537
In-depth interleaving 537
Compatibility 538
Introduction to DAB 538
Transmission modes 540
DAB frames 541
DAB-2 541
DAB TV 541
On-line convergence 543
ADSL 543
IPTV 544
Bit rates 545
Closed IPTV network 546
Video-on-demand 548
Chapter 25. Interconnectivity and ports 550
RF connections 550
Baseband distribution 551
SCART connections 552
Video coupling 556
Audio coupling 557
Speaker wiring 557
Digital ports 557
Video graphic array 558
Universal serial bus 558
RS-232 connector 559
Firewire 560
Appendix A1. Teletext 562
Appendix A2. I2C serial control bus 570
Appendix A3. Error control techniques 572
Appendix A4. Processing devices 576
Appendix A5. The OSI seven-layer reference model 582
Appendix A6. HDMI–DVI compatibility 584
Appendix A7. The decibel (dB) 586
Appendix A8. Amplitude and frequency modulation 588
Index 592

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.9.2007
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Kunst / Musik / Theater ► Film / TV
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-055066-5 / 0080550665
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-055066-4 / 9780080550664