Essentials of Psychology (eBook)

Krisstal D. Clayton, Gregory J. Privitera, Saul Kassin (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2026 | 2., Second Edition
334 Seiten
Sage Publications, Inc (Verlag)
978-1-0719-3072-4 (ISBN)

Inhalt

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Student Success Guide
Chapter 1: Psychology’s Place in the World
What Is Psychology?
Psychology’s Roots
Psychology’s Pioneers
Psychology’s Horizons
Multidimensional Perspectives
Specializations and Careers
Psychology’s Solutions
Values, Ethics, and Social Responsibility
Disparities in Health Care
Workplace and Education
The Effects of Climate Change
Connecting the Brain With Behavior
Psychology and You
Happiness and Money
Self-Doubt and Success
Thinking Like a Psychologist about Psychology’s Place in the World
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 2: Psychology and its Methods
The Scientific Method
The Research Process
Research Settings
Psychological Measurements
Designing Research Studies
Descriptive Research
Correlational Studies
True Experiments
Collections of Evidence
Statistics and Scientific Discovery
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Minimizing Bias
Ethical Considerations
Ethical Considerations in Human Research
Psychology Applied: Ethics in Social Media Research
Ethical Considerations in Animal Research
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Psychology and Its Methods
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 3: Behavioral Neuroscience
The Body’s Communication Networks
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Neuron
Structure of the Neuron
The Neuron in Action
How Neurons Communicate
Neurotransmitters
The Brain
Tools of Behavioral Neuroscience
Regions of the Brain
The Cerebral Cortex
Hemispheres of the Brain
Prospects For the Future
The Brain’s Capacity for Growth and Reorganization
Repairing the Damaged Brain: New Frontiers
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Behavioral Neuroscience
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
Measuring the Sensory Experience
Absolute Thresholds
Signal-Detection Theory
Difference Thresholds
Visual Sensation
Visual Perception
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Constancies
Depth and Dimension
Perceptual Set
Illusions
Auditory Sensation and Perception
Other Senses
Keeping the Signals Straight
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Sensation and Perception
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 5: Consciousness
Attentional Processes
Selective Attention
Divided Attention
Influence Without Awareness
Sleep and Dreams
The Sleep-Wake Cycle
Night Work, Sleeping, and Health
The Stages of Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Theories of Sleep
Dreams
Sleep Disturbances
Hypnosis
The Origins of Hypnosis
Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion
Hypnotic Responsiveness
Is Hypnosis an Altered State?
Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Psychedelics
Opioids
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Consciousness
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 6: Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Discovery
Basic Principles
Pavlov’s Legacy
Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning
Psychology Applied: Can the Immune System be Classically Conditioned?
Operant Conditioning
Practical Applications of Operant Conditioning
Developments in Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Studies of Modeling
The Process of Modeling
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Learning
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 7: Memory
An Information-Processing Model
The Sensory Register
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory
Capacity
Duration
Functions of Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What Events Do People Remember?
Forgetting
The Forgetting Curve
Why Do People Forget?
Reconstruction
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Memory
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 8: Thought, Language, and Intelligence
Thinking
Concepts
Solving Problems
Representing the Problem
Generating Solutions
Trial and Error
Obstructions in Problem Solving
Language
Characteristics of Human Language
Emergence of Language
The Relationship Between Thought and Language
The Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis
Culture, Language, and the Way We Think
Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Are Intelligence Tests Accurate?
Are Intelligence Tests Biased?
Competing Theories of Intelligence
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
General Intelligence
Gardner’s “Frames of Mind”
The Great Intelligence Debates
Nature and Nurture
The Racial Gap
Gender Differences
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 9: Personality
Psychoanalysis
The Birth of Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Theory of Personality
Freud’s Legacy
The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach
Principles of Learning and Behavior
Social-Learning Theory
Perspectives on Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
The Humanistic Approach
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach
The Trait Approach
The Building Blocks of Personality
Construction of Multi-Trait Inventories
Introversion and Extraversion
Psychology Applied: Use of Personality Tests and Social Media Sites in Hiring
Perspectives: Do Traits Exist?
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Personality
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 10: Life Span Development and Its Contexts
Genes
What Genes Are and How They Work
Genetic Building Blocks
Prenatal Development
The Growing Fetus
Fertility
The Remarkable Newborn
Observing Infants
Reflexes
Sensory Capacities
Talents Babies Are Born With
The Infant and the Growing Child
Biological Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
Adolescence
Puberty
Cognition and Moral Reasoning
Social and Personality Development
Adulthood and Aging
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Aging and Cognitive Functions
Social and Personal Development
Dying and Death
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Lifespan Development
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 11. Social and Cultural Influences
Social Perception
Making Attributions
Forming Impressions
Interpersonal Attraction
Social Influence
Social Influence as Automatic
Conformity
Attitude Change
Group Processes
Social Relations
Aggression
Altruism
Bystander Intervention
Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Cultural Diversity: A Fact of Life
Individualism and Collectivism: A Tale of Two Cultural Worldviews
Conceptions of the Self
Intergroup Discrimination
Stereotypes
Prejudice: The Motivational Roots
Racism in the United States
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Social and Cultural Influences
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 12. Motivation and Emotion
What Motivates Us?
General Theories of Motivation
The Pyramid of Human Motivations
Basic Appetitive and Social Motives
Hunger and Eating
Belongingness Motives
Esteem Motives
Emotions
What are Emotions?
Specific Patterns of Arousal
Are There Group Differences in Emotions?
The Physiology of Emotion
The Social Function of Emotions
The Cognitive Component of Emotion
Pursuing Happiness
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Motivation and Emotion
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 13. Health, Stress, and Wellness
Studying Health and Wellness
The Illness-Wellness Continuum
Health Models
Biopsychosocial Model
Biomedical Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
Illness Prevention and Health Promotion
Psychology Applied: Taking Control Over Portion Sizes
Stress and Health
The Stress Process
Sources and Types of Stress
Factors That Contribute to a Stress Response
Physiological Effects of Stress
Immunity and Stress
Coping With Stress
Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping
Mindfulness
Psychological Traits for Coping
Social Support
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Health, Stress, and Wellness
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 14. Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders: A General Outlook
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Defining Function and Dysfunction
Models of Psychopathology
Diagnosis: A Necessary Step
Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidal Behavior
Major Depressive Disorder
Theories of Major Depressive Disorder
The Cycle of Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Theories of Bipolar Disorder
Suicidal Behavior
Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Cultural Influences on Anxiety Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Theories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive, Body Dysmorphic, and Eating Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Theories of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Eating Disorders
Personality Disorders and Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
The Borderline Personality
The Antisocial Personality
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Theories of Schizophrenia
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Psychological Disorders
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 15. Treatment and Interventions
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalytic Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Group-Therapy Approaches
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
The Bottom Line: Does Psychotherapy Work?
Are Some Therapies Better Than Others?
What Are the Active Ingredients?
What’s the Future of Psychotherapy?
Medical Interventions
Drug Therapies
Perspectives on Drug Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychosurgery
Thinking Like a Psychologist About Treatment and Interventions
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.1.2026
• Verlagsort: Thousand Oaks
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie
• Schlagworte: Essentials of Psychology • Gregory J. Privitera • introductory psychology • Intro Psych • Intro psych text • Krisstal D. Clayton • Psychological science • Saul Kassin
• ISBN-10: 1-0719-3072-9 / 1071930729
• ISBN-13: 978-1-0719-3072-4 / 9781071930724