Work in the 21st Century (eBook)

An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Jeffrey M. Conte (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024 | 7. Auflage
656 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-394-22094-6 (ISBN)

Infos

PROVIDES READERS WITH A WIDE-RANGING EXPLORATION OF THE RICH AND INTRIGUING NATURE OF THE MODERN WORKPLACE

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Now in its seventh edition, Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology is the most current and engaging textbook for courses on Industrial and Organizational (I-O) Psychology. This market-leading textbook ties together themes and topics such as diversity, cognitive and physical abilities, personality, emotional intelligence, technology, multicultural dynamics, and evidence-based I-O psychology with a clear, reader-friendly narrative style.

This new edition retains the accessibility of the previous editions, incorporating the latest research findings into every chapter and providing up-to-date organizational applications of the principles of I-O psychology. The scientist-practitioner model continues to be the philosophical cornerstone of the text, further reinforcing the systems approach and stressing the interplay among different I-O psychology variables and constructs.

AN INTERACTIVE, MULTIMEDIA LEARNING EXPERIENCE
This textbook includes access to an interactive, multimedia e-text. Icons throughout the print book signal corresponding digital content in the e-text.

Video Content
Two types of videos complement the text and engage readers more deeply with the fascinating field of I-O Psychology.
- Psychology @Work Videos explore interesting topics in industrial and organizational psychology. Informed by educational materials from the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), these videos feature vibrant footage and ask students thought-provoking questions.
- General psychology videos provide overviews of topics such as the Five-Factor Model of Personality and theories of motivation that might come to bear in the discussion of industrial and organizational psychology.
- Interactive Figures, Charts, and Tables

Appearing throughout the enhanced e-text, interactive figures, diagrams, and tables facilitate study and help students retain important information. Even many of the simplest figures are interactive to encourage online readers to pause and absorb the information they present before scrolling on to additional reading.

Interactive Self-Scoring Quizzes
Each chapter includes a self-scoring Practice Quiz with feedback at both the question and quiz level to help students prepare for higher stakes assessments and exams.

Autor

JEFF CONTE is Associate Professor and Associate Chair of the Psychology Department at San Diego State University, where he regularly teaches the undergraduate Introduction to I-O Psychology course. He has conducted research on a variety of topics, including personnel selection, personality predictors of job performance, cognitive ability, the measurement of emotional intelligence, and the factors associated with health and stress in the workplace. His research has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. He has published widely in I-O psychology and management journals, including the Journal of Applied Psychology, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Human Performance, and Journal of Managerial Psychology.

Inhalt

About the Author xvi
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xx

Part 1 Fundamentals

1 What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? ... 1

MODULE 1.1 The Importance of I-O Psychology ... 2
The Importance of Work in People’s Lives ... 2
What Is I-O Psychology? ... 4
The Importance of Understanding the Younger Worker ... 13

MODULE 1.2 The Past, Present, and Future of I-O Psychology ... 15
The Past: A Brief History of I-O Psychology ... 15
The Present: The Demographics of I-O Psychologists ... 22
The Future: The Challenges to I-O Psychology in the 21st Century ... 24
A Personal View of the Future: Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology ... 25

MODULE 1.3 Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology ... 28
The Multicultural Nature of Life in the 21st Century ... 28
Theories of Cultural Influence ... 34

MODULE 1.4 The Organization of This Book ... 38
Themes ... 38

Parts ... 39
Resources ... 39

2 Research Methods and Statistics in I-O Psychology ... 45

MODULE 2.1 Science and Research ... 46
What Is Science? ... 46
Open Science ... 47
The Role of Science in Society ... 47
Why Do I-O Psychologists Engage in Research? ... 48
Research Design ... 49
Methods of Data Collection ... 51
Generalizability and Control in Research ... 53
Ethical Behavior in I-O Psychology ... 55

MODULE 2.2 Data Analysis ... 57
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics ... 57
Correlation and Regression ... 60
Correlation and Causation ... 63
Big Data ... 64
Meta-Analysis ... 65
Micro-, Macro-, and Meso-Research ... 66

MODULE 2.3 Interpretation through Reliability and Validity ... 69
Reliability ... 69
Validity ... 72

Part 2 Industrial Psychology

3 Individual Differences and Assessment ... 79

MODULE 3.1 An Introduction to Individual Differences ... 81
Some Background ... 81
Differential Psychology, Psychometrics, and I-O Psychology ... 83
Identifying Individual Differences ... 83
Varieties of Individual Differences ... 84

MODULE 3.2 Human Attributes ... 86
Abilities ... 86
Physical, Sensory, and Psychomotor Abilities ... 91
Personality and Work Behavior ... 93
Vocational Interests ... 97
Additional Attributes ... 99
Skills ... 99
Knowledge ... 100
Competencies ... 101
Emotional Intelligence ... 102

MODULE 3.3 Foundations of Assessment ... 105
The Past and the Present of Testing ... 105
What Is a Test? ... 107
Administrative Test Categories ... 109
Testing and Culture ... 110

MODULE 3.4 Assessment Procedures ... 114
Assessment Content versus Process ... 114
Assessment Procedures: Content ... 114
Tests of Physical Abilities ... 116
Personality ... 117
Emotional Intelligence ... 123
Individual Assessment ... 124
Interviews ... 124
Assessment Centers ... 126
Work Samples and Situational Judgment Tests ... 128

MODULE 3.5 Special Topics in Assessment ... 133
Incremental Validity ... 133
Biographical Data ... 134
Grades and Letters of Recommendation ... 136
Minimum Qualifications ... 136
Drug and Alcohol Testing ... 138
Computer-Based and Internet Assessment ... 139
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning ... 142

4 Job Analysis and Performance ... 144

MODULE 4.1 A Basic Model of Performance ... 145
Campbell’s Model of Job Performance ... 145
Criterion Deficiency and Contamination ... 149

MODULE 4.2 Extensions of the Basic Performance Model ... 151
Task Performance versus Organizational Citizenship Behavior ... 151
The Dark Side of Performance: Counterproductive Work Behaviors ... 154
Adaptive Performance ... 158
A Brief Recap ... 160
Expert Performance ... 160
Types of Performance Measures ... 160

MODULE 4.3 Job Analysis: Fundamental Properties and Practices ... 163
The Uses of Job Analysis Information ... 163
Types of Job Analysis ... 166
How Job Analysis Is Done ... 167
Work Analysis ... 169

MODULE 4.4 Job Analysis: Newer Developments ... 171
Electronic Performance Monitoring as Part of a Job Analysis ... 171
Cognitive Task Analysis ... 172
Personality-Based Job Analysis ... 173
A Summary of the Job Analysis Process ... 173
Computer-Based Job Analysis ... 174
O*net ... 174
Competency Modeling ... 176

MODULE 4.5 Job Evaluation and the Law ... 179
Job Evaluation ... 179
The Concept of Comparable Worth ... 179
Job Analysis and Employment Litigation ... 180

5 Performance Measurement ... 183

MODULE 5.1 Basic Concepts in Performance Measurement ... 184
Uses for Performance Information ... 184

MODULE 5.2 Performance Rating—Substance ... 191
Theories of Performance Rating ... 191
Focus on Performance Ratings ... 192
Rating Formats ... 195
Employee Comparison Methods ... 198

MODULE 5.3 Performance Rating—Process ... 201
Rating Sources ... 201
Rating Distortions ... 204
Rater Training ... 206
Reliability and Validity of Performance Ratings ... 207

MODULE 5.4 The Social and Legal Context of Performance Evaluation ... 209
The Motivation to Rate ... 209
Goal Conflict ... 211
Performance Feedback ... 211
Performance Evaluation and Culture ... 214
Performance Evaluation and the Law ... 215

6 Staffing Decisions ... 221

MODULE 6.1 Conceptual Issues in Staffing ... 222
An Introduction to the Staffing Process ... 222
The Impact of Staffing Practices on Firm Performance ... 223
Stakeholders in the Staffing Process ... 224
Staffing from the International Perspective ... 226

MODULE 6.2 Evaluation of Staffing Outcomes ... 228
Validity ... 228
Utility ... 232
Fairness ... 233

MODULE 6.3 Practical Issues in Staffing ... 234
A Staffing Model ... 234
Combining Information ... 235
Deselection ... 238
Number of Decisions to Be Made ... 239
21st-Century Staffing ... 240

MODULE 6.4 Legal Issues in Staffing Decisions ... 242
Charges of Employment Discrimination ... 242
Employment Discrimination Outside of the United States ... 243
Theories of Discrimination ... 244

7 Training and Development ... 250

MODULE 7.1 Foundations of Training and Learning ... 251
Training, Learning, and Performance ... 252
Training Needs Analysis ... 253
The Learning Process in Training ... 256
Learning Organizations ... 262

MODULE 7.2 Content and Methods of Training ... 264
Training Methods ... 264
Training “Critical Thinking” ... 268
Transfer of Training ... 269

MODULE 7.3 Evaluating Training Programs ... 272
Training Evaluation ... 272
Training Criteria ... 272
Utility Analysis ... 274
Training Evaluation Designs ... 275
Equal Employment Opportunity Issues in Training ... 276

MODULE 7.4 Specialized Training Programs ... 279
Management and Leadership Development ... 279
Sexual Harassment Awareness Training ... 284
Ethics Training ... 285
Cross-Cultural Training ... 286

Part 3 Organizational Psychology

8 The Motivation to Work ... 290

MODULE 8.1 An Introduction to Motivation ... 291
The Central Position of Motivation in Psychology ... 291
A Brief History of Motivation Theory in I-O Psychology ... 292
Metaphors for Motivation ... 293
The Meaning and Importance of Motivation in the Workplace ... 296

MODULE 8.2 Classic Approaches to Work Motivation ... 300
Person-as-Machine Theories ... 300
Person-as-Scientist Theories ... 303

MODULE 8.3 Modern Approaches to Work Motivation ... 308
Person-as-Intentional Approaches ... 308
The Concept of Self-Efficacy in Modern Motivation Theory ... 312
Common Themes in Modern Motivation Approaches ... 314
Specialized Motivational Topic: The Entrepreneur ... 314

MODULE 8.4 Practical Issues in Motivation ... 318
Can Motivation Be Measured? ... 318
Cross-Cultural Issues in Motivation ... 319
Generational Differences and Work Motivation ... 320
Motivational Interventions ... 322

9 Attitudes, Emotions, and Work ... 326

MODULE 9.1 Work Attitudes ... 327
The Experience of Emotion at Work ... 327
Job Satisfaction: Some History ... 328
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction ... 333
The Concept of Commitment ... 336
Organizational Identification ... 338
Employee Engagement ... 341

MODULE 9.2 Moods, Emotions, Attitudes, and Behavior ... 343
Is Everybody Happy? Does It Matter If They Are? ... 343
Satisfaction versus Mood versus Emotion ... 343
Withdrawal Behaviors ... 350

MODULE 9.3 Special Topics Related to Attitudes and Emotions ... 352
Job Loss ... 352
Telecommuting ... 354
Work–Family Balance ... 355
Psychological Contracts ... 357
Job Embeddedness ... 358
Job Crafting ... 359
Work-Related Attitudes and Emotions from a Cross-Cultural Perspective ... 359

10 Stress and Worker Well-Being ... 362

MODULE 10.1 The Problem of Stress ... 363
Studying Workplace Stress ... 363
What Is a Stressor? ... 365
Common Stressors at Work ... 366
Consequences of Stress ... 371
Work Schedules ... 375

MODULE 10.2 Theories of Stress ... 378
Demand–Control Model ... 378
Job Demands-Resources Theory ... 379
Person–Environment Fit Model ... 379
Individual Differences in Resistance to Stress ... 381

MODULE 10.3 Reducing and Managing Stress ... 386
Primary Prevention Strategies ... 386
Secondary Prevention Strategies ... 388
Tertiary Prevention Strategies ... 391
Summary of Stress Intervention Strategies ... 391

MODULE 10.4 Violence at Work ... 394
Stress and Workplace Violence ... 394
The “Typical” Violent Worker ... 395
Theories of Workplace Violence ... 396
A Special Type of Violence: Bullying ... 399
What Can We Conclude about Workplace Violence? ... 401

11 Fairness, Justice, and Diversity in the Workplace ... 403

MODULE 11.1 Justice and Fairness ... 404
The Concept of Justice ... 404
Justice, Fairness, and Trust ... 406
Approaches to Organizational Justice ... 407

MODULE 11.2 The Practical Implications of Justice Perceptions ... 414
Performance Evaluation ... 415
Applicant Reactions to Selection Procedures ... 416
Affirmative Action ... 419

MODULE 11.3 Diversity ... 423
What Does Diversity Mean? ... 423
The Dynamics of Diversity ... 424

12 Leadership in Organizations ... 432

MODULE 12.1 The Concept of Leadership ... 433
Some Conceptual Distinctions ... 433
The Problem of Defining Leadership Outcomes ... 435
Negative Leadership Outcomes: The Destructive Leader ... 435
Leader versus Manager or Supervisor ... 437
Leader Development versus Leadership Development ... 440
The Motivation to Lead ... 441

MODULE 12.2 Traditional Theories of Leadership ... 444
The “Great Man” Theories ... 444
Early Investigations Using the Trait Approach ... 445
The Power Approach to Leadership ... 445
The Behavioral Approach ... 446
The Contingency Approach ... 447
The Consequences of Participation: The Vroom–Yetton Model ... 448

MODULE 12.3 New Approaches to Leadership ... 451
Leader–Member Exchange ... 451
Transformational Leadership ... 453
Authentic Leadership ... 456
The Charismatic Leader ... 457

MODULE 12.4 Emerging Topics and Challenges in Leadership Research ... 460
Leadership in a Changing Workplace ... 460
Male and Female Leaders: Are They Different? ... 462
Personality and Leadership ... 466
Leadership and Neuroscience ... 467
Cross-Cultural Studies of Leadership ... 467
Leadership in a Diverse Environment ... 469
Guidelines for Effective Leadership ... 471

13 Teams in Organizations ... 473

MODULE 13.1 Types of Teams ... 474
Groups and Teams: Definitions ... 475
Types of Teams ... 476

MODULE 13.2 Input–Process–Output Model of Team Effectiveness ... 482
Team Inputs ... 483
Team Processes ... 486
Team Outputs ... 490

MODULE 13.3 Special Issues in Teams ... 493
Team Appraisal and Feedback ... 493
Team Roles ... 495
Team Development ... 496
Team Training ... 496
Cultural Issues in Teams ... 497

14 Organizational Theory, Dynamics, and Change ... 500

MODULE 14.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations of Organizations ... 501
Organizations and People ... 501
Organization as Integration ... 504
Theories of Organization ... 505

MODULE 14.2 Social Dynamics of Organizations ... 513
Climate and Culture ... 513
Climate and Culture from the Multicultural Perspective ... 516
An Application of Culture and Climate: Safety ... 517
Socialization and the Concept of Person–Organization and Person–Job Fit ... 520

MODULE 14.3 Organizational Change and Development ... 528
Organizational Change ... 528
Examples of Large-Scale Organizational Change Initiatives ... 533
Emerging Commonalities among Organizational Interventions ... 536
Organizational Development ... 537

Glossary ... 541
References ... 557
Name Index ... 611
Subject Index 622

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.8.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie
• ISBN-10: 1-394-22094-4 / 1394220944
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-22094-6 / 9781394220946