Neurobiology of the Parental Brain (eBook)

Robert Bridges (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 1. Auflage
584 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9780080559575 (ISBN)

Infos

This book presents cutting edge research on the basic neurobiology of parental behavior as it relates to behavioral disorders, including postpartum depression, anxiety, and inadequate parental bonding to infants. Internationally recognized basic and clinical researchers present new research findings in humans and animals that elucidate the roles of the brain, physiological state, genes and environment in maternal and paternal care. By bridging the gap between basic and clinical research, new understandings of how the biology of the brain and the reproductive state of the parent impact their mental health and the successful rearing of young emerge.
* Presents the neural network of motherhood based on fundamental and functional MRI studies of parental care - from rodents to humans
* Discusses the role of gene-environment interactions in parenting
* Offers parenting strategies and priorities in raising young
* Discusses maternal defense - the neurobiology of maternal protection
* Examines the significance and underlying causes of postpartum depression
* Discusses parenting and anxiety - neurobiological basis for reductions during the postpartum period
* Also includes the neurobiology of fatherhood - a fresh evolutionary and biological perspective on paternal behavior
* Presents information on maternal neuroplasticity - how reproductive history changes the maternal brain
* Translates research - internationally renowned researchers' insights into common factors that regulate mammalian parenting

Inhalt

FRONT COVER 1
NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE PARENTAL BRAIN 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE 5
CONTENTS 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 24
PARENTING AND THE BRAIN: AN OVERVIEW 30
PART I: THE NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOR 38
Chapter 1 Hypothalamic Interaction with the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and the Regulation of Maternal Responsiveness 40
Introduction 40
Virgin Sensitization and the Hormonal Basis of Rodent Maternal Behavior 41
The Medial Preoptic Area and Maternal Motivation 42
A Proposed Neural Model 45
Anatomical Evidence for an MPOA-to-VTA Connection Relevant to Maternal Behavior 46
The Mesolimbic DA System and Maternal Behavior 48
MPOA Interaction with the VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit and Maternal Behavior 51
Activation of Dopaminergic Neural Systems Stimulates the Onset of Maternal Behavior in Rats 53
Oxytocin and the MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit 55
Chapter 2 Neural Substrates Involved in the Onset of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity in Sheep 60
Hormonal and Sensory Determinants of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity 61
Maternal Responsiveness 61
Maternal Selectivity 62
Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity 63
Maternal Responsiveness 63
Maternal Selectivity 65
Influence of Maternal Experience on Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity 67
Conclusion 69
Chapter 3 Maternal Motivation and its Neural Substrate Across the Postpartum Period 76
Definitions and Measures of Maternal Motivation 77
Portrait of Maternal Motivation During the Progression of the Postpartum Period 78
Coordinating Changes in Maternal Motivation and Behavior Across the Postpartum Period 81
Possible Factors Underlying Changes in Maternal State as the Postpartum Period Progresses 82
Neural Substrate of Maternal Motivation 88
Chapter 4 Imaging the Maternal Rat Brain 98
Introduction 98
Imaging the Neural Response to Pup Suckling 99
Imaging the Reinforcing Nature of Pup Suckling 100
Sensory Cortex Representation of the Maternal Ventrum and Nipple 103
Comparison of Suckling vs. Oxytocin Stimulated Brain Activity 105
Final Summary 108
Chapter 5 Maternal Choices: Neural Mediation – Caring for Young or Hunting? 112
Balancing Maternal Care and Foraging During Lactation 112
The Role of Opioids 112
Hormonal Mediation 116
Interaction of CCK and Opioids Controlling Maternal Behavior 117
Chapter 6 Imaging the Human Parental Brain 120
Brain Imaging of Human Parent–Infant Relationships 120
The Neurobiology of Healthy Empathy and Parenting 120
Parental Brains and Baby Cry Stimuli 122
Parental Brains and Baby Visual Stimuli 127
Special Parent Populations for Imaging 131
Summary and Model 132
Future Directions 134
PART II: ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE PARENTING 138
Chapter 7 Role of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor-Related Peptides in the Neural Regulation of Maternal Defense 140
Background on Maternal Defense 140
Why Study Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)-Related Peptides? Possible Common Roles in Anxiety and Defense Changes During Lactation 141
Effects of CRF-Related Peptides on Maternal Defense 142
Maternal Aggression in CRFR1 and CRFR2 Knockout Mice 143
Effect of Stress on Maternal Defense 144
Gene Array Studies on High Maternal Defense Mice 145
Association of Fear and Anxiety Pathways with Maternal Defense Regulation 145
Advantages of Linking Central Stress-Related Pathways with Maternal Defense 146
Future Directions 148
Chapter 8 Maternal Stress Adaptations Peripartum: Mom's Innate Anxiety Determines Maternal Care and Aggression 152
Changes in HPA Axis Responsiveness Peripartum 152
Mechanisms of Blunted HPA Axis Response 153
Lack of Excitatory Noradrenergic and Opioid Neurotransmission 153
Involvement of Intracerebral OXT and PRL 153
Alterations in Emotionality Peripartum: Involvement of OXT and PRL 155
Maternal Behavior and Aggression: Link to Mom's Anxiety 155
Are High Anxiety Dams (HAB) Better Mothers? Differences in Maternal Care 156
HAB Dams Care More – Even Under Stressful Conditions 157
HAB Dams are More Aggressive During Maternal Defense 158
Brain OXT Mediates Maternal Aggression in HAB Dams 158
Importance of Maternal Adaptations Peripartum for Maternal Mental Health 160
Chronic Pregnancy Stress: Effects on Adaptations in Lactation 160
Early Life Stress: Effects on Lactation-Associated Adaptations in Female Offspring 160
Chapter 9 Role of Prolactin in the Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Stress Adaptations During Lactation 168
Introduction 168
PRL Sources and PRL Receptors 168
Pituitary PRL 168
Placental PRL and Placental Lactogens 168
Brain PRL 169
Presence of PRL-Rs in the Brain 169
Actions of PRL in the Brain 170
Contribution of the Brain PRL System to Stress-Related Adaptations in the Peripartum Period 170
Activation of the Brain PRL System Peripartum 170
Endogenous Release of Brain PRL 171
Involvement of PRL in Stress Regulation 172
Regulation of Anxiety by PRL in Virgin Females 172
PRL Effects on Anxiety in Lactating Females 173
Effects of PRL on Neuroendocrine Stress Responses 173
Inhibitory Action of PRL on the HPA Axis Reactivity in Virgin Female Rats 173
Effect of PRL on the HPA Axis Reactivity in Lactating Females 173
Effects on OXT System Reactivity 174
Conclusions 175
Chapter 10 Mother–Infant Touch, Neurochemistry, and Postpartum Anxiety 182
Oxytocin 184
GABA 186
Norepinephrine 188
Conclusions 190
Chapter 11 The Role of the Brain Serotonergic System in the Origin and Transmission of Adaptive and Maladaptive Variations in Maternal Behavior in Rhesus Macaques 200
Introduction 200
Brain Serotonin and Naturally Occurring Variation in Primate Maternal Behavior 201
Serotonin and Maternal Behavior 204
Chapter 12 Postpartum Depression: The Clinical Disorder and Application of PET Imaging Research Methods 212
PART I: The Clinical Disorder 212
Introduction 212
Definition of PPD 212
The Antenatal Window of Opportunity 213
Psychosocial Context of Pregnancy 213
Pregnancy Does Not Protect Women from Depression 214
Postpartum Blues 214
PPD 214
Postpartum Anxiety Disorders 216
Postpartum Psychosis 217
Screening for Perinatal Depression 218
Treatment of Perinatal Depression 218
Risk–Benefit Decision-Making Process 218
Non-pharmacologic Strategies 218
Antidepressant Medications 218
Mood Stabilizer Medications 219
Conclusion 220
PART II: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Postpartum Depression 221
Overview 221
Synthesis of Extant CNS Studies of PPD 221
A Neuroendocrine Model of PPD 222
Serotonin-1A Receptor System 223
Dopamine-2 Receptor System 224
PET Methods 225
5HT1A Receptor System 225
D2 Receptor System 225
Consideration of Risks to Mother and Infant During PET Imaging 226
Radioactivity Exposure 226
Arterial Cannulation 226
Delay to Treatment 226
Sample Selection and Sampling Issues 226
Psychiatric Factors 226
Age and Endocrine Factors 227
Comparison Group 227
Summary 227
PART III: NEUROENDOCRINE ADAPTATIONS OF PARENTING: PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND OFFSPRING 238
Chapter 13 Bringing Forth the Next Generation … and the Next 240
Introduction 240
Neuroendocrine Stress Responses 242
Placental Barrier 242
Maternal HPA Axis Hyporesponsiveness to Stress in Late Pregnancy 243
Maternal Sympathetic and Adrenomedullary Responses to Stress in Pregnancy 244
Desire for a Family 244
Drug Abuse 245
Cigarettes and Alcohol 245
Opiates and Cocaine 246
Cannabis 246
Social Stress 246
Modeling Prenatal Social Stress 247
Pig Model of Prenatal Social Stress 247
Rat Model of Prenatal Social Stress 250
Conclusion 251
Chapter 14 Fast Delivery: A Central Role for Oxytocin 262
Introduction 262
Oxytocin: Perinatal Release and Action in the Brain 262
Sources of Oxytocin 262
Perinatal Oxytocin Release Patterns 263
Endogenous Oxytocin Effects in the Brain 264
Oxytocin: Perinatal Action in the Hypothalamus 264
Availability of Extracellular Oxytocin in the Brain 265
Perinatal Distribution Density and Activation of oxytocin receptor 265
Conclusion 269
Chapter 15 Biological and Mathematical Modeling Approaches to Defining the Role of Oxytocin and Dopamine in the Control of Mating-Induced PRL Secretion 272
Introduction 272
Neural Sites Controlling Mating-Induced PRL Secretion 273
Neuroendocrine Control of Mating-Induced PRL Secretion 274
The Mathematical Model 274
Genesis of the PRL Rhythm 276
Daily VIP Pulse Sets the Phase of the PRL Rhythm 276
Mathematical Modeling Suggests an Explanation for the OT-Induced PRL Rhythm 277
Mathematical Modeling of the Effects of an OT Antagonist 279
Conclusions 281
Chapter 16 Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation 286
Introduction 286
Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation 287
Reductions in Energy Expenditure 287
Increased Assimilation and Storage of Nutrients 288
Changes in Partitioning of Nutrients 289
Ingestive Behavior in Pregnancy and Lactation 289
Adaptations of Neural Pathways Controlling Food Intake 290
Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation 293
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Rats 293
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Women 295
Prolactin Receptors are Expressed in the Brain 295
Prolactin and the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation 297
Peripheral Actions of Prolactin on Metabolism 297
Prolactin Stimulates Food Intake 298
Conclusion 299
Chapter 17 The Energetics of Parenting in an Avian Model: Hormonal and Neurochemical Regulation of Parental Provisioning in Doves 306
Introduction 306
Energetics of Incubation 307
Energetics of Nestling Care 308
Role of Prolactin in Parental Provisioning 310
Sites of Prolactin Action in Promoting Parental Provisioning in Doves 312
Appetitive and Consummatory Aspects of Parental Provisioning Behavior 313
The Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology of Parental Hyperphagia in Doves 316
Summary and Conclusions 323
Chapter 18 Maternal Fat Intake and Offspring Brain Development: Focus on the Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic System 330
Introduction 330
Development of the Mesocorticolimbic DA System 331
Consequences of Perinatal Maternal Fat Intake on DA Function in the Adult Offspring 332
Metabolic Factors Affecting DA Function 334
Specific Fatty Acids Intake and Modulation of Neurotransmitter Functions 335
Conclusions 337
PART IV: MATERNAL CARE: FROM GENES TO ENVIRONMENT 342
Chapter 19 Maternal Influence on Offspring Reproductive Behavior: Implications for Transgenerational Effects 344
Maternal Influence on the Developing Embryo 345
Maternal Influence on the Developing Fetus 345
Postnatal Maternal Influence on Developing Offspring 346
Transmission of Maternal Influence Across Generations in Mammals 347
Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transmission 348
Conclusion 349
Chapter 20 Parent-of-Origin Effects on Parental Behavior 356
Reciprocal Hybrids 356
Genomic Imprinting 358
Maternal Effects 360
Paternal Effects 363
Sex Chromosomes 364
Conclusion 365
Chapter 21 Oxytocin and Individual Variation in Parental Care in Prairie Voles 370
Parental Behavior in Prairie Voles 370
Oxytocin and Maternal Care 371
OT Receptor Density in the NA and LS and Variability in Maternal Care 372
OT Facilitates Maternal Responses in Prairie Voles 376
What Mechanisms Generate Diversity in OTR and Parental Responsiveness? 377
Chapter 22 Dopamine Regulation of Pair Bonding in Monogamous Prairie Voles 384
Introduction 384
The Vole Model for Comparative Studies 385
The Prairie Vole and Pair Bonding 386
DA Neuroanatomy and Intracellular Signaling 387
DA Involvement in Pair Bonding 389
DA–Neurochemical Interactions and Pair-Bonding Behavior 390
DA Involvement in Natural and Drug Reward 391
Implications of the Vole Model for Human Mental Health 392
Chapter 23 Social Memory, Maternal Care, and Oxytocin Secretion, but not Vasopressin Release, Require CD38 in Mice 398
Introduction 398
Defects in Maternal Nurturing in CD38[sup(–/–)] Mice 399
Amnesia in Social Memory in CD38[sup(–/–)] Male Mice 401
Plasma OT and Vasopressin Levels 401
Rescue by Injection of OT or CD38 Re-expression 401
CD38 Expression and Enzyme Activity 404
OT Secretion and CA[sup(2+)] Transients In Vitro 406
CD38'S Role in OT-Mediated Social Recognition and Maternal Behavior 408
Chapter 24 Oxytocin and Mothers' Developmental Effects on their Daughters 414
Introductory Background and Concepts 414
Maternal Effects on Mouse Daughters 415
OT Selectively Enhances Pup Licking (PL) and Kyphotic Nursing (KN) 417
PL and KN Influence OT Receptor Expression in the Brains of Adult Female Offspring 419
Postnatal OT Activity Influences Adult Maternal Behavior 420
Maternal Behavior Regulation of OT Activity in the Female Pup Brain 421
A Model of OT Involvement in Mothers' Developmental Effects on Their Daughters: Clinical Implications 422
Chapter 25 Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering 428
Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering 428
Studies Examining Genetic Influences on Parenting 428
Genetic Influences on Parenting: rGE 429
Genetic Influences on Parenting: Child's Genes and Parent's Genes 430
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Parenting: Developmental Considerations 431
Parent-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting 431
Child-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting 433
Environmental Influences on Parenting 434
Integrating Theory and Knowledge from RCT Studies of Parenting with Genetic Studies of Parenting 435
PART V: THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PATERNAL CARE 442
Chapter 26 Cooperative Breeding and the Paradox of Facultative Fathering 444
Introduction: Primate Male–Infant Involvement 444
The Human Case 445
Variability in Paternal Care 446
The Importance of Allomaternal Care 447
Maternal Bet-Hedging 448
Circumstances Favorable to Eliciting Male Care 449
Flexibility of Human Families 451
Chapter 27 Early Experience and the Developmental Programming of Oxytocin and Vasopressin 454
Introduction 454
Background on Oxytocin and Vasopressin 454
Similarities of Function Between OT and AVP 455
Effects of Early Handling in Prairie Voles 456
Early Experience also Alters Subsequent Behavior and Measures of OT and the OTRs 457
Intergenerational Effects of Early Experience 457
The Consequences of Early Experience for Peptide Receptors 458
Developmental Manipulations of Oxytocin 458
Immediate or Short-Term Effects of Neonatal OT or OTA 458
Neural Activation Following Neonatal Treatment 458
Behavioral and Endocrine Changes in Neonates 459
Long-Term Effects of Neonatal OT and OTA 459
Alloparental Behavior, Sociality, and Reproduction in Males 459
Social Behavior in Females 459
Neonatal OTA in Females 460
Effects on Neonatal OT or OTA on Brain Hormones and Receptors 460
Effects on Brain Peptides 460
Effects on Peptide Receptors 461
Neonatal Manipulations of AVP also Affect Subsequent Social Behaviors 462
Early Exposure to Gonadal Steroids Facilitates the Response of Adult Male Prairie Voles to Exogenous AVP 463
Estrogen Receptors also Affected by Neonatal OT or OTA 463
Effects of Neonatal OT or/and OTA in Rats 463
Reproductive and Endocrine Effects 463
Cardiovascular and Autonomic Effects of Neonatal OT 464
Sex Differences 464
Developmental Signaling Consequences of Neuropeptides 464
Early Experience in the Context of Natural History 465
Translational Implications of Perinatal Manipulations of OT 467
Chapter 28 The Effects of Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression and Hormones in the Biparental California Mouse 472
Associations Between Paternal Behavior and Male Offspring Aggression 473
Do Males and Females Play Different Roles in Shaping Aggression of Future Generations? 474
Is There Species Variation in the Effects of Maternal and Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression? 476
Can Alterations in Parental Huddling and Grooming Toward Offspring Cause Changes in Offspring Aggression and Is This Mediated Through Vasopressin? 477
Is Testosterone a Missing Link for Transmission of Aggression Across Generations? 479
Summary 481
Chapter 29 Fathers Behaving Badly: The Role of Progesterone Receptors 486
Introduction: Progesterone and Its Receptors 486
Progesterone Actions in the Brain 486
Progesterone Receptor Knockout Animals 488
Paternal Behavior 489
Progesterone, Mating Behavior, and Anxiety 492
Does the Absence or Pharmacological Blockade of PRs Simply Mimic the Peripartum Hormonal Milieu? 493
Summary 494
Chapter 30 Family Life in Marmosets: Causes and Consequences of Variation in CareGiving 498
Introduction 498
A Primer on Marmoset Social Structure 499
Endocrine Correlates of Variation in Parental Care 500
Androgens and Variation in Maternal Care 503
Genetic Chimerism and Evocative Genetic Effects on Parental Care 504
Consequences of Variation in Early Parental Care 508
Impact of Variation in Early Care on Baseline HPA Function and Pubertal Maturation 508
Differential Early Care and Somatic Development in Marmosets 509
Differential Early Care and Stress Reactivity in Juvenile Marmosets 509
Summary 511
PART VI: REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE: MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 516
Chapter 31 The Neuroeconomics of Motherhood: The Costs and Benefits of Maternal Investment 518
Foraging Response Strategies 519
Risk Assessment: Behavioral Venture Capitalism 522
Strengthening the Behavioral Response Infrastructure 523
The Motherhood-Induced Neuron-Network Effect 524
Comparative Models of Parental Neuroeconomics 526
Summary and Conclusions 526
Chapter 32 The Role of Reproductive Experience on Hippocampal Function and Plasticity 530
Introduction 530
The Hippocampus and Motherhood 532
Hippocampus-Dependent Spatial Learning and Memory Performance in the Mother 532
Hippocampal Plasticity in the Mother 535
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology in the Mother 538
Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Mother 539
Persistence of Improved Spatial Memory with Motherhood 539
Altered Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis With and Without Pup Exposure 540
Possible Role of Corticosterone in Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Mother 540
Possible Role of Peptide Hormones on the Hippocampus of the Mother 541
Conclusions 541
Chapter 33 Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Adaptations Following Reproductive Experience in the Female Rat 546
Introduction 546
Reproductive Experience and Circulating Hormones 546
Reproductive Experience and Anxiety-Like Behavior 547
Reproductive Experience, Aging and Anxiety-Like Behavior 549
Influence of Pregnancy and Mothering on Pup-Induced Shifts in Anxiety-Like Behavior 550
Reproductive Experience and Maternal Aggression 551
Summary 552
Chapter 34 Plasticity in the Maternal Neural Circuit: Experience, Dopamine, and Mothering 556
Introduction 556
The Wanting System: What Motivates a Mother to Mother in the First Place? 556
Maternal Affect 556
Maternal Experience and Memory – Parity Effects 557
Maternal Hedonics and Reward 558
The Doing System: What Determines the Quality of Mothers' Nurturant Behavior? 561
Maternal Attention and Sensitivity 561
Neuroanatomy of Maternal Behavior 562
DA and Mothering 563
Mesolimbic System and the Nucleus Accumbens 563
Mesocortical System and mPFC 565
Conclusion 566
INDEX 574
A 574
B 575
C 575
D 576
E 577
F 577
G 577
H 578
I 578
J 578
K 578
L 578
M 579
N 580
O 581
P 582
Q 584
R 584
S 585
T 585
U 585
V 585
W 586
Z 586
COLOR PLATES 588

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.7.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Entwicklungspsychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Psychiatrie / Psychotherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• ISBN-13: 9780080559575 / 9780080559575