Adaptive Array Systems (eBook)

Fundamentals and Applications

Ben Allen, M. Ghavami (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 1. Auflage
290 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-0-470-86190-5 (ISBN)

Infos

In the last fifty years, extensive studies have been carried out worldwide in the field of adaptive array systems. However, far from being a mature technology with little research left to tackle, there is seemingly unlimited scope to develop the fundamental characteristics and applications of adaptive antennas for future 3G and 4G mobile communications systems, ultra wideband wireless and satellite and navigation systems, and this informative text shows you how!

• Provides an accessible resource on adaptive array fundamentals as well as coverage of adaptive algorithms and advanced topics
• Analyses the performance of various wideband beamforming techniques in wideband array processing
• Comprehensively covers implementation issues related to such elements as circular arrays, channel modelling and transmit beam forming, highlighting the challenges facing a designer during the development phase
• Supports practical implementation considerations with detailed case studies on wideband arrays, radar, sonar and biomedical imaging, terrestrial wireless systems and satellite communication systems
• Includes examples and problems throughout to aid understanding
• Companion website features Solutions Manual, Matlab Programs and Electronic versions of some figures

Adaptive Array Systems is essential reading for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers in the field of adaptive array systems. It will also have instant appeal to engineers and designers in industry engaged in developing and deploying the technology. This volume will also be invaluable to those working in radar, sonar and bio-medical applications.

Ben Allen completed his MSc and PhD degrees at the University of Bristol, U.K., in 1997 and 2001 respectively. Having undertaken post-doctorial research in the areas of smart antennas andMIMOwireless systems, he then became a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London where he co-founded the UWB research group. He is now with the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford. He has published numerous journal and conference papers in the above areas as well as a book on smart antennas. He has been in receipt of the IEE J Langham Thomson Premium and the ARMMS Best Paper Award, both for publications relating to UWB. He is a senior member of the IEEE, chartered engineer, member of the IEE, and a member of the IEE's Professional Network Executive Committee on Antennas and Propagation. puter Science Contest, Pakistan, in 1998. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET, and serves on the UK Task Group on Mobile and Terrestrial Propagation.

Mohammad Ghavami is Reader at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London. From 1998 to 2000 he was a JSPS Postdoctoral fellow in Yokohama National University, Japan, and from 2000 to 2002 he was a researcher at the Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. in Tokyo, Japan.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 7
Preface 13
Acknowledgments 17
List of Figures 19
List of Tables 31
Introduction 35
I.1 Adaptive Filtering 35
I.2 Historical Aspects 36
I.3 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing 37
1 Fundamentals of Array Signal Processing 39
1.1 Introduction 39
1.2 The Key to Transmission 40
1.2.1 Maxwell's Equations 40
1.2.2 Interpretation 41
1.2.3 Key to Antennas 41
1.3 Hertzian Dipole 43
1.4 Antenna Parameters & Terminology
1.4.1 Polarisation 45
1.4.2 Power Density 45
1.4.3 Radiated Power 46
1.4.4 Radiation Resistance 47
1.4.5 Antenna Impedance 47
1.4.6 Equivalent Circuit 48
1.4.7 Antenna Matching 48
1.4.8 Effective Length and Area 48
1.4.9 Radiation Intensity 49
1.4.10 Radiation Pattern 49
1.4.11 Bandwidth 50
1.4.12 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain 50
1.4.13 Radiation Efficiency 52
1.5 Basic Antenna Elements 52
1.5.1 Finite-Length Dipole 53
1.5.2 Mono-pole 55
1.5.3 Printed Antennas 55
1.5.4 Wideband Elements 56
1.5.5 Dual Polarised Elements 58
1.5.6 Sonar Sensors 59
1.6 Antenna Arrays 59
1.6.1 Linear Array 60
1.6.2 Circular Array 61
1.6.3 Planar A rray 61
1.6.4 Conformal Arrays 62
1.7 Spatial Filtering 63
1.8 Adaptive Antenna Arrays 65
1.9 Mutual Coupling & Correlation
1.10 Chapter Summary 66
1.11 Problems 67
2 Narrowband Array Systems 69
2.1 Introduction 69
2.2 Adaptive Antenna Terminology 70
2.3 Beam Steering 73
2.3.1 Phase Weights 73
2.3.2 Main Beam Steering 74
2.3.3 Null Steering 76
2.4 Grating Lobes 79
2.5 Amplitude Weights 82
2.5.1 Window Functions 82
2.6 Chapter Summary 91
2.7 Problems 91
3 Wideband Array Processing 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Basic concepts 94
3.3 A Simple Delay-line Wideband Array 97
3.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes 99
3.3.2 Beam Width 101
3.4 Rectangular Arrays as Wideband Beamformers 103
3.4.1 Rectangular Array Antenna in Azimuth 104
3.4.2 Beamforming using IDFT 107
3.4.3 Beamforming using Matrix Inversion 111
3.4.4 Numerical Examples 113
3.4.5 Summary of Wideband Frequency Selective Rectangular Arrays 120
3.5 Wideband Beamforming using FIR Filters 122
3.5.1 Continuous Linear Wideband Array 122
3.5.2 Beamformer Implementation 123
3.5.3 Sensor Locations 126
3.5.4 Design of Primary Filters 128
3.5.5 Design of Secondary Filters 130
3.5.6 Numerical Examples 130
3.6 Chapter Summary 131
3.7 Problems 132
4 Adaptive Arrays 135
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Spatial Covariance Matrix 136
4.3 Multi-beam Arrays 138
4.4 Scanning Arrays 138
4.5 Switched Beam Beamformers 139
4.6 Fully Adaptive Beamformers 142
4.6.1 Temporal Reference Beamforming 144
4.6.2 Spatial Reference Beamforming 145
4.7 Adaptive Algorithms 146
4.7.1 Wiener Solution 147
4.7.2 Method of Steepest-Descent 149
4.7.3 Least-Mean-Squares Algorithm (LMS) 150
4.7.4 Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) Algorithm 151
4.7.5 Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm 153
4.8 Source Location Techniques 154
4.9 Fourier Method 155
4.10 Capon's Minimum Variance 156
4.11 The MUSIC Algorithm 156
4.12 ESPRIT 159
4.12.1 Unitary ESPRIT 160
4.13 Maximum Likelihood Techniques 162
4.14 Spatial Smoothing 163
4.14.1 Comparison of Spatial Parameter Estimation Techniques 165
4.15 Determination of Number of Signal Sources 165
4.16 Blind Beamforming 167
4.16.1 Decoupled Iterative Least Squares Finite Alphabet Space-Time (DILFAST) Algorithm 168
4.16.2 Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral (SCORE) Algorithm 169
4.16.3 Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) 170
4.16.4 Least-Squares Despread Respread Multitarget Constant Modulus Algorithm (LS-DRMTCMA) 171
4.17 Chapter Summary 171
4.18 Problems 172
5 Practical Considerations 173
5.1 Introduction 173
5.2 Signal Processing Constraints 174
5.2.1 Phase Error 174
5.2.2 Element Position Error 175
5.2.3 Element Failure 175
5.2.4 Steering Vector Error 175
5.2.5 Ill-Conditioned Signal Processing Matrices 175
5.2.6 Weight Jitter 176
5.3 Implementation Issues 176
5.3.1 System Linearity 183
5.3.2 Calibration 184
5.3.3 Mutual Coupling 192
5.3.4 Circular Arrays 194
5.4 Radiowave Propagation 198
5.4.1 Narrowband Single Antenna Channel Model 199
5.4.2 Multiple Antenna Channel Model 200
5.4.3 Wideband Multiple Antenna Channel Model 201
5.4.4 Uplink-Downlink Channel Modelling for FDD Systems 206
5.5 Transmit Beamforming 208
5.5.1 Blind Techniques 210
5.5.2 Feedback Based Techniques 215
5.5.3 Switched Beam Techniques 216
5.5.4 Downlink Signal Distribution Schemes 217
5.6 Chapter Summary 219
5.7 Problems 219
6 Applications 221
6.1 Introduction 221
6.2 Antenna Arrays for Radar Applications 221
6.3 Antenna Arrays for Sonar Applications 222
6.4 Antenna Arrays for Biomedical Applications 224
6.4.1 Medical Ultrasonic Arrays 224
6.4.2 Space-Time Beamforming for Microwave Imaging 230
6.5 Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communications 231
6.5.1 Uplink Beamforming for Second-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks 234
6.5.2 Downlink Beamforming for Third-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks 245
6.5.3 User Location and Tracking 257
6.5.4 Beamforming for Satellite Communications 269
6.6 Chapter Summary 273
6.7 Problems 274
References 277
Index 289
A 289
B 289
C 289
D 289
E 290
F 290
G 290
H 290
I 290
K 290
L 290
M 290
N 290
O 290
P 290
R 291
S 291
T 291
U 291
V 291
W 291

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.2.2006
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Mechanik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• Schlagworte: Antennas & Propagation • Drahtlose Kommunikation • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Mobile & Wireless Communications • Sende- u. Empfangseinrichtungen • Signal Processing • Signalverarbeitung
• ISBN-10: 0-470-86190-8 / 0470861908
• ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86190-5 / 9780470861905