Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks (eBook)

with a companion simulation tool for teaching and research

Miguel A. Labrador, Pedro M. Wightman (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XIV, 209 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-1-4020-9585-6 (ISBN)

Infos

The eld of wireless sensor networks continues to evolve and grow in both practical and research domains. More and more wireless sensor networks are being used to gather information in real life applications. It is common to see how this technology is being applied in irrigation systems, intelligent buildings, bridges, security mec- nisms,militaryoperations,transportation-relatedapplications,etc.Atthesametime, new developments in hardware, software, and communication technologies are - panding these possibilities. As in any other technology, research brings new dev- opments and re nements and continuous improvements of current approaches that push the technology even further. Looking toward the future, the technology seems even more promising in two directions. First, a few years from now more powerful wireless sensor devices will be available, and wireless sensor networks will have applicability in an endless number of scenarios, as they will be able to handle traf c loads not possible today, make more computations, store more data, and live longer because of better energy sources. Second,a few years from now, the opposite scenario might also be possible. The availability of very constrained, nanotechnology-made wireless sensor devices will bring a whole new world of applications, as they will be able to operate in - vironments and places unimaginable today. These two scenarios, at the same time, will both bring new research challenges that are always welcome to researchers.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Book Origin and Overview 6
Intended Audience 8
Resources 8
Acknowledgments 8
About the Authors 8
Contents 10
Part I Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks and Topology Control 14
Wireless Sensor Networks 15
Introduction 15
Node and Network Architectures 16
Wireless Sensor Device Architecture 16
Network Architectures 18
Application Domains and Examples 19
Challenges and the Need for Energy Saving Mechanisms 19
The Physical Layer 22
Introduction 22
Wireless Propagation Models 22
The Free Space Propagation Model 23
The Two-Ray Ground Model 23
The Log-Distance Path Model 23
Energy Dissipation Model 25
Error Models 26
The Independent Error Model 26
The Two-State Markov Error Model 27
Sensing Models 29
The Binary Sensing Model 30
The Probabilistic Sensing Model 30
The Data Link Layer 31
Introduction 31
The Medium Access Control Sub-layer 31
Common MAC Protocols 33
MAC Protocols for WSNs 36
The Logical Link Control Sub-layer 40
Error Control 41
Performance Analysis of LLC Protocols 43
Energy Analysis of LLC Protocols 46
The Network Layer 50
Introduction 50
Routing Protocols for WSNs 51
Topology Aware Routing Protocols 51
Topology Unaware Routing Protocols 53
The Transport Layer 60
Introduction 60
Transport Layer Functions 61
Wireless Sensor Network Applications 61
Single Packet-Low Reliability Applications 62
Single Packet-High Reliability Applications 64
Multiple Packet-Low Reliability Applications 64
Multiple Packet-High Reliability Applications 65
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks 66
The Use of TCP and UDP in Wireless Sensor Networks 67
Topology Control 69
Introduction 69
Motivations for Topology Control 70
Energy Conservation 70
Collision Avoidance 71
Increased Network Capacity 72
Challenges in Topology Control 73
Design Guidelines 73
Definition of Topology Control 74
Topology Control and the Communications Protocol Stack 76
Topology Control Taxonomy and Road Map 76
Part II Topology Construction 79
Controlling the Transmission Power 80
Introduction 80
Centralized Topology Construction: The Critical Transmission Range (CTR) Problem 80
Centralized Topology Construction: The Range Assignment (RA) Problem 87
Algorithms from Computational Geometry 89
Distributed Topology Construction for Homogeneous Networks 91
Location-Based Techniques 91
Direction-Based Techniques 95
Neighbor-Based Techniques 100
Routing-Based Techniques 105
Heterogeneous Topology Construction 106
Building Hierarchical Topologies 112
Introduction 112
Backbone-Based Techniques 113
Growing a Tree 114
Connecting Independent Sets 116
Pruning-Based Techniques 119
Cluster-Based Techniques 120
Adaptive Techniques 123
Hybrid Approaches 126
Introduction 126
Hybrid Techniques 126
Part III Topology Maintenance 130
Introduction 131
Introduction 131
Definition of Topology Maintenance 131
When Are the Reduced Topologies Built? 132
Scope of Topology Maintenance 132
Triggering Criteria 133
Design Issues 134
Synchronizing Radios 135
Performance Evaluation 137
Topology Maintenance Static Techniques 139
Introduction 139
Performance Evaluation of Static Global Topology Maintenance Techniques 140
Sparse Networks 141
Dense Networks 143
Other Static Techniques 144
Topology Maintenance Dynamic Techniques 146
Introduction 146
Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Global Topology Maintenance Techniques 147
Sparse Networks 147
Dense Networks 148
Other Dynamic Global Techniques 150
Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Local Topology Maintenance Techniques 150
Sparse Networks 152
Dense Networks 153
Other Dynamic Local Technique 154
Topology Maintenance Hybrid Techniques 157
Introduction 157
Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Global Topology Maintenance Technique 157
Sparse Networks 158
Dense Networks 159
Comparison of Topology Maintenance Techniques 159
Sensitivity Analysis 162
Time-Based Analysis 162
Energy-Based Analysis 164
Density-Based Analysis 165
The Atarraya Simulator 168
Introduction 168
Description of Atarraya's Internal Structure 169
Abstract Design and Functional Components 169
The Main Simulator Thread - The the_sim Class 169
The Protocol Manager - The NodeHandler Class 170
The Multiple Operation Thread - The BatchExecutor Class 171
The Display Manager - The newpanel Class 171
Atarraya's Class Tree 172
The Atarraya Package 172
The Atarraya.element Package 172
The Atarraya.event Package 173
Protocol Structure and Design - The EventHandler Class 174
Simulation Events 174
Sending Messages 174
Receiving Messages 175
Programming a Timeout 175
Invalidating a Programmed Event 176
State Labels 176
Communication with the atarraya_frame Class 177
Interaction with Other Protocols 177
Initialization of Nodes and the Initial Events - The init_nodes and the initial_event Methods 177
The HandleEvent Method 178
SimpleTree: An Example of a Topology Construction Protocol 184
How to Use Atarraya 186
Selection of the Protocols 186
Other Protocols 188
Energy and Communications Model 189
Type of Experiments 190
Structure of a Topology 191
Structure of the Nodes 192
Simulation Results 195
Future of Atarraya 200
References 201
Index 208

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.2.2009
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 209 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• Schlagworte: network simulation • Simulation • Topologie • Topology • Topology Construction • Topology Control • Topology Maintenance • wireless sensor network • wireless sensor networks
• ISBN-10: 1-4020-9585-6 / 1402095856
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-9585-6 / 9781402095856