Nutrition, Health and Disease (eBook)

A Lifespan Approach

Simon Langley-Evans (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2021 | 3. Auflage
416 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-71754-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Nutrition, Health and Disease

Nutrition, Health and Disease

In this newly revised third edition of Nutrition, Health and Disease, prominent researcher and Professor of Human Nutrition Simon Langley-Evans delivers an easy-to-read and student-friendly textbook on the changing demands for nutrients made by the body throughout the human lifespan.

• Thorough introductions to lifespan nutrition, maternal nutrition prior to conception, pregnancy, and the relationship between fetal nutrition and disease later in life
• Practical discussions of lactation and infant feeding, nutrition during childhood, nutrition during adolescence, and nutrition in the adult years
• Detailed examination of contemporary evidence of the relationship between diet, body weight, and the major nutrition-related diseases: cancer, heart disease and diabetes
• Exploration of vegetarian, vegan, and other alternative diets, as well as dieting for weight loss in adults, gender and nutrition, macro- and micronutrients, and a background on nutritional epidemiology
• Access to an updated student companion website with additional resources

Perfect for nutrition and dietetics students, as well as newly qualified nutrition and dietetics professionals, this foundational textbook will also earn a place on the bookshelves of other healthcare students and professionals who seek a one-stop reference on the impact that nutrition has on health and disease.

Simon Langley-Evans is Head of the School of Biosciences and Professor of Human Nutrition in the Faculty of Science at the University of Nottingham, UK. He obtained his first degree in Biochemistry with Microbiology from Royal Holloway and Bedford New College; his PhD from the University of Southampton, and a DSc from the University of Nottingham. He is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters in the area of lifespan nutrition.

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Glossary of terms used in this book

Adipocyte:

A fat‐containing cell found in adipose tissue.

Adipokines:

Cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue.

Adiponectin:

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue. It enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake.

Adipose tissue:

The site of body fat deposition. Cells within adipose tissue store and release fat.

Adiposity rebound:

Body mass index rises rapidly in the first two years of life and then declines until a point between the ages of four and six years, when it starts to increase again. The point where the trend reverses is termed the ‘adiposity rebound’.

Adrenal glands:

Endocrine organs located above the kidneys. The adrenals are the sites for production and release of adrenaline, noradrenaline and steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.

Adrenarche:

The maturation of the adrenal cortex into three distinct zones, resulting in secretion of androgenic hormones during adolescence.

Aflatoxins:

Mycotoxins formed by fungi such as Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are important contaminants of peanuts and groundnuts stored in humid climates.

Alkaloids:

Toxic compounds found in plant foods (e.g. potatoes) or as contaminants on cereals, produced by mildew.

Allergic sensitization:

The process through which exposure to foreign materials, either through ingestion, inhalation or skin contact, elicits immune responses that will manifest as allergic symptoms (rash or asthma). Initial contact with allergens may not produce a response but instead primes (sensitizes) the body to produce responses at further contact.

Allergy:

Adverse reaction to antigens (for example proteins in certain foodstuffs) that is mediated by the immune system (production of antibodies).

Allium:

Plants of the onion family. Includes onions and garlic.

Alzheimer’s disease:

An irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss, altered behaviour and dementia. The disease is characterized by the formation of plaques of amyloid beta peptide in the brain.

Amenorrhea:

The absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.

Ames test:

A test used to determine the potential carcinogenicity of chemicals. The test uses cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, which must undergo a mutation to be able to grow on a limiting medium. Presence of colonies in the medium indicates potential mutagenicity of test compounds.

Anaemia:

Deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin.

Androgens:

The male sex hormones. The main androgens are the steroid hormones, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone.

Anencephaly:

A defect of the formation of the embryonic neural tube which results in the non‐formation of the cerebral arches.

Angina pectoris:

Chest pain caused by the partial occlusion of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.

Angiogenesis:

The process through which new blood vessels branch off from existing vessels.

Anorexia nervosa:

An eating disorder characterized by body image distortion and fear of weight gain. Anorexics, who are typically underweight, may voluntarily starve, indulge in excessive exercise, vomit or purge after eating and abuse laxatives or anti‐obesity drugs.

Anovulation:

The absence of ovulation in women of reproductive age.

Anterior pituitary:

One of two lobes of the pituitary gland. This endocrine tissue responds directly to signals from the hypothalamus and plays a key role in regulation of the production of hormones from the adrenals and reproductive organs.

Anthropometry:

The measurement of the human body in terms of the dimensions of muscle, and adipose (fat) tissue. Simple measures of height and weight, supplemented with measurements of skinfold thicknesses, mid‐upper arm circumference, waist and hip circumferences can be used to estimate body composition and distribution of body fat.

Anti‐oncogenes:

see Oncogenes

Antioxidants:

Molecules that are capable of quenching the reactivity of free radicals and other oxidizing agents (e.g. hydrogen peroxide). Antioxidants may be scavenging antioxidants, which are destroyed in reactions with reactive oxygen species or enzymes that are capable of rapid metabolism of high quantities of reactive oxygen species.

Apoptosis:

Programmed cell death which involves a coordinated series of biochemical events leading to the death of the cell and removal of resulting debris.

Arrhythmia:

Condition in which the heart beat is irregular or excessively slow or fast. Arrhythmias are the product of damage to the heart during myocardial infarction.

Arterial intima:

The innermost layer of the arterial wall.

Ataxia telangiectasia:

An immunodeficiency disorder.

Atherosclerosis:

The process through which the artery accumulates a plaque containing cholesterol, collagen and calcium. Atherosclerotic plaques cause stiffening and narrowing of the arteries and act as a focus for clots. Atherosclerosis is the basis of all cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease).

Atopy:

A predisposition to allergic responses.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:

A neurological disturbance in children, which leads to inattention and impulsive behaviour.

Axillary hair:

Hair in the underarm region.

B lymphocytes:

Cells of the immune system responsible for the production of antibodies.

Bacteroides:

One of the six main genera of bacteria which contribute to the human intestinal microflora.

Bariatric surgery:

Surgery to promote weight loss through restriction of the stomach capacity in order to limit food intake.

Basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate:

The energy cost associated with maintaining the basic physiological processes of the body at rest (i.e. respiration, circulation, nerve and muscle tone). Basal metabolic rate is in proportion to body size, since it is determined by the amount of metabolically active tissue.

Betel chewing:

The habit of chewing betel quid. The quid is a mixture of areca nut and leaves. This habit is most common in Pacific communities and in some parts of Asia (e.g. Taiwan).

Bifidobacterium:

One of the six main genera of bacteria which contribute to the human intestinal microflora.

Bioimpedance:

The measurement of body fat content through determination of the resistance of the body to the flow of an electrical current.

Biomarker:

A measurement used to assess the state of a biological system. In nutrition biomarkers may include measurements of nutrient concentrations in suitable samples (e.g. blood and urine), or measurements of nutrient‐dependent physiological functions.

Bisphosphonates:

A class of drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates inhibit the action of osteoclasts.

Blood pressure:

The pressure generated within the arteries due to the pumping of the heart. Between beats the vessels are at rest and the pressure is at the lowest point (diastolic pressure). Maximum pressure occurs with ejection of blood from the left ventricle (systolic pressure).

Body mass index (BMI):

A measure of weight in relation to height (weight in kg/height in m2). BMI is widely used as a tool to determine whether an individual is of healthy weight (BMI between 20 and 25), underweight (BMI <20), overweight (BMI 25–30) or obese (BMI <30).

Bone mineral density:

A measure of bone mass. Reduced bone mineral density is generally indicative of conditions such as osteoporosis, in which fracture risk is increased.

Bulimia nervosa:

An eating disorder linked to body image distortion and fear of weight gain. Affected individuals periodically binge eat and then compensate for excessive intake through excessive exercise, vomiting and purging.

Cachexia:

Severe loss of weight and muscle mass, often accompanied by loss of appetite.

Caffeine:

A methyl xanthine compound found in tea, coffee, chocolate and over‐the‐counter medications. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant.

Cancer:

Disease involving the...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.8.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Schlagworte: Ernährung • Ernährungslehre • Ernährung u. Diätetik • Gesundheit • Gesundheit, Ernährung u. Diät • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • Health, Diet & Nutrition • Nutrition • Nutrition & Dietetics General
• ISBN-10: 1-119-71754-X / 111971754X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-71754-6 / 9781119717546