Archaeologist's Fieldwork Guide (eBook)

Barbara Ann Kipfer (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2022 | 2. Auflage
512 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-84532-4 (ISBN)

Infos

The new edition of the most comprehensive, practical, and user-friendly guide of its kind, providing quick reference to the information needed by archaeologists doing fieldwork

The Archaeologist's Fieldwork Guide is the must-have companion for anyone planning and performing fieldwork, whether a student going into the field for the first time or a professional archaeologist with years of real-world experience. Designed to be an all-in-one informational toolkit, the Guide is packed with the technical and practical information archaeologists need to know when in the field-supported by more than 400 lists and checklists, planning aids, measurement charts and tables, analysis and classification guides, sample forms, abbreviations and codes, and much more.

Fully revised throughout, the second edition features two entirely new chapters on technology in the field and the archaeology laboratory, incorporating current tools and technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS), 3D data capture and modeling, DNA extraction, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning, remotely controlled drones, and underground mapping. New and updated coverage includes flotation samples and processing, oxidizable carbon ratio dating, phytolith sampling, and water screening.

• Covers classification and typology, creating forms and records, measurement and conversion, laboratory handling and processing, artifact mapping, drawing, and photographing
• Offers new and updated material on legislation regarding archaeological fieldwork and emerging topics such as community engagement and public archaeology.
• Provides up-to-date definitions and explanations of key terms and new diagrams, line drawings, and glosses
• Includes a guide to research publication, an extensive bibliography, references to relevant associations and publications, and information on where to buy supplies

The Archaeologist's Fieldwork Guide, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for undergraduate and graduate archaeology students, students taking courses in anthropology, ethnography, and cultural resource management (CRM), archaeology enthusiasts and volunteers, and professional archeologists at any level.

BARBARA ANN KIPFER is a prominent lexicographer, linguist, and archaeologist. She is the author of more than sixty-five books in several fields, including Dictionary of Artifacts (Wiley Blackwell, 2007), and Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, Second Edition (2021). Dr. Kipfer is a Registered Professional Archaeologist and has worked as a lexicographer for forty years.

Textauszug

1
Classification and Typology

Classifications are central to archaeology and classification schemes may be useful to archaeologists in the field. Archaeologists can use taxonomic classification to organize artifacts around a dimension and may also break a dimension into more specific units. There are various ways in which field archaeologists set about making and using classifications to meet a variety of practical needs. Though much classification takes place in the laboratory and office, there are some classification needs in the field and this chapter provides basic typologies that may be useful during excavations.

CONTENTS

1. Appliqué types
2. Artifact industries
3. Assemblage types
4. Attributes, basic categories of
5. Basket parts
6. Basketry types
7. Binford pipestem chronology
8. Bone classification and description
9. Bottle mold types/bottle manufacturing types
10. Bottle parts
11. Boundary types
12. Burial types and descriptions
13. Button attributes
14. Cemetery types
15. Ceramics attributes
16. Ceramics bases
17. Ceramics basic body shapes
18. Ceramics classification by attributes
19. Ceramics decoration types
20. Ceramics fluid/liquid decoration types
21. Ceramics fragment size classification
22. Ceramics identification chart
23. Ceramics rim classes
24. Ceramics type‐function classification
25. Ceramics vessel parts
26. Ceramics ware‐fabric classification
27. Ceramics ware‐fabric classification, historical
28. Clay types
29. Coinage types
30. Context types
31. Data types, historical
32. Debitage types (lithic)
33. Effigy classification
34. Figurine description
35. Glass attributes
36. Glass classification
37. Glaze classification
38. Ground stone attributes
39. Ground stone uses
40. Invertebrate classification
41. Lithics attributes
42. Lithics use‐wear traits
43. Materials basic categories
44. Metal artifact categories
45. Mohs scale of mineral hardness
46. Nail classification
47. Particle size descriptions
48. Perforation types
49. Plant remains categories
50. Projectile point attributes
51. Projectile point parts and measures
52. Shell classification
53. Site by function
54. Site by type
55. Soil classification, general
56. Soil horizons and subdivisions
57. Soil layers
58. Soil particle shape
59. Soil structure types
60. Soil taxonomy
61. Soil textural classes
62. Stone tool classification, flaked or chipped
63. Stone tool classification, ground
64. Stone tool parts
65. Stratigraphical context and relationship types
66. Survey classes
67. Survey methods of inspection
68. Timber/jointing description terms
69. Tin can types
70. Tooth types
71. Tyler Scale/grades of clastic sediments
72. Units and spatial divisions
73. Vertebrate classification
74. Wentworth Grain Size Classification

APPLIQUÉ TYPES

Appliqué is ornamental needlework in which pieces of fabric are sewn or stuck onto a large piece of fabric or other surface to form pictures or patterns.

(representative)

• band
• band with thumb impressions and ridge
• banded finger impressions and wavy grooves
• button
• double nipple
• earlike
• fillet
• flange
• nipple
• other attachment
• parallel raised bands with finger impressions
• pellet
• perpendicular raised bands
• pie‐rim
• raised angular band
• raised band
• raised band with concave groove
• raised band with finger impressions
• raised band with incisions
• smooth raised band
• snakelike
• spike
• zoomorphic

ARTIFACT INDUSTRIES

An artifact industry is a frequently repeated assemblage of a particular material or function, i.e. flake industry, flint industry. Such an assemblage of artifacts including the same types so consistently suggests that it is the product of a single society. The term also describes a large grouping of artifacts that is considered to represent or identify a particular people or culture, e.g. the Acheulian industry. If more than one class of objects (e.g. flint tools or bronze weapons) is found, it is a culture.

(representative)

• ceramic: beads, figurines, musical instruments, pottery
• lithic: chipped/flaked stone, ground stone
• metal: bronze, copper, gold, iron, silver, tin
• organic: basketry, bone, hide, horn, ivory, shell, textiles, wood

ASSEMBLAGE TYPES

An assemblage is group of objects of different or similar types found in close association with each other and thus considered to be the product of one people from one period of time.

Life assemblage: the living community or population of animals from which the remains are derived.

Death assemblage: the population of carcasses that results when life assemblage dies.

Deposited assemblage: the population of carcasses or their body parts that were deposited on an archaeological site through the actions of humans, nonhuman predators, scavengers, or such agents as gravity, water, and wind.

Fossil assemblage: a subset of the deposited assemblage that consists of those animal parts that survive in the site’s deposit until their potential discovery by an archaeologist.

Sample assemblage: the portion of the fossil assemblage that has been excavated or collected and then analyzed by an archaeologist.

ATTRIBUTES, BASIC CATEGORIES OF

An attribute is a quality or characteristic ascribed to something, a construct whereby an object or entity can be distinguished.

• Form/shape attributes, such as length, width, thickness, shape.
• Stylistic/surface attributes, such as color, decoration, texture.
• Technological attributes, constituent attributes, such as the raw materials used; manufacturing attributes, such as the way it was made.

Figure 1.1 Attributes of flakes.

Reproduced with permission of Crow Canyon Archaeological Center 2001.

BASKET PARTS

(not all baskets have all parts)

• wall
• rim/selvage
• start (at bottom, where weaving starts)
• shoulder (if body narrows toward opening)
• handle(s)
• lid (which will also have a wall, rim, start)
• warp (fairly rigid foundation)
• weft (fairly flexible stitching)

BASKETRY TYPES

• Coiled: foundation of horizontal elements with rigid materials interwoven vertically; about 100 different types of coiled basketry exist.
• Plaited: weave is basically the same in both directions; simple plaiting has one element passing over another and twill plaiting has more than one element passing over more than one element.
• Twined: vertical warp foundation and horizontal weft stitching; S‐twined (weft angled to maker’s right) or Z‐twined (weft angled to maker’s left).

Figure 1.2 Basketry types.

Reproduced with permission of Mark Q. Sutton and Brooke S. Arkush 2002/Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.

BINFORD PIPESTEM CHRONOLOGY

Louis Binford devised a mathematical formula to use as a dating technique for pipestems (hollow stem or tube of a pipe used for smoking tobacco) manufactured in England between approximately 1590–1800.

Diameter (in/)	Dates

9/64

1590–1620

8/64

1620–1650

7/64

1650–1680

6/64

1680–1720

5/64

1720–1750

4/64

1750–1800

Figure 1.3 Pipestems.

Reproduced with permission of Ivor Noël Hume 1970/Penguin Random House.

BONE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

Categories of bones

• flat bones (cranial, scapula)
• irregular bones
• long tubular bones (e.g. limbs)
• short/small tubular bones (e.g. metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges)
• unknown

Position of skeleton

• lying on left side
• lying on right side
• prone
• supine

Limb position

• crouched
• extended
• flexed
• indeterminate

Condition of bone

• complete
• disturbed
• incomplete
• intact

BOTTLE MOLD...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 16.12.2022
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Archäologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Geschichte ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Geschichte ► Allgemeine Geschichte ► Vor- und Frühgeschichte
• Schlagworte: Anthropologie • Anthropology • Archaeological Methods & Theory • archaeology • Archäologie • Feldforschung • Methoden u. Theorie der Archäologie
• ISBN-10: 1-119-84532-7 / 1119845327
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-84532-4 / 9781119845324