A Companion to Applied Philosophy (eBook)

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, Kimberley Brownlee, David Coady (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-86911-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Applied philosophy has been a growing area of research for the last 40 years. Until now, however, almost all of this research has been centered around the field of ethics. A Companion to Applied Philosophy breaks new ground, demonstrating that all areasof philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind, can be applied, and are relevant to questions of everyday life.

This perennial topic in philosophy provides an overview of these various applied philosophy developments, highlighting similarities and differences between various areas of applied philosophy, and examining the very nature of this topic. It is an area to which many of the towering figures in the history of philosophy have contributed, and this timely Companion demonstrates how various historical contributions are actually contributions within applied philosophy, even if they are not traditionally seen as such.

The Companion contains 42 essays covering major areas of philosophy; the articles themselves are all original contributions to the literature and represent the state of the art on this topic, as well as offering a map to the current debates.

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Aarhus and Professor II in Philosophy at the University of Tromsø. Recent publications include Born Free and Equal? (2013) and Luck Egalitarianism (2015). He is an associate editor of Ethics and was Chair of the Society for Applied Philosophy from 2012 to 2014.

David Coady is a senior lecturer in philosophy at the University of Tasmania, Australia. He has published on many topics in applied epistemology, including expertise, conspiracy theory, rumor, and the blogosphere. He is the editor of Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate (2006), the author of What To Believe Now: Applying Epistemology to Contemporary Issues (2012), and the co?-author of The Climate Change Debate: An Epistemic and Ethical Enquiry (2013). He has also published on metaphysics, philosophyof law, police ethics, the ethics of horror films, and the ethics of cricket.

Kimberley Brownlee is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. Her research focuses on the ethics of sociability, social rights, social virtues, and freedom of association. She is the author of Conscience and Conviction: The Case for Civil Disobedience (2012) and co-editor of Disability and Disadvantage (2009).

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Notes on Contributors 11
Foreword 18
Acknowledgments 21
Part I Introductory Articles 23
Chapter 1 The Nature of Applied Philosophy 25
Introduction 25
The Relevance Conception 26
The Specificity Conception 29
The Practical Conception 30
The Activist Conception 31
The Methodology Conception 33
The Empirical Facts Conception 34
The Audience Conception 36
Conclusion 37
Acknowledgments 38
References 38
Further Reading 39
Chapter 2 The Methodology of Applied Philosophy 40
Introduction: What Is Applied Philosophy? 40
The Top-Down Model 42
Bottom-Up Models 46
Thought Experiments 47
Expertise 49
Concluding Thoughts 53
References 53
Further Reading 54
Chapter 3 The Value of Applied Philosophy 56
Differing Views and Different Modes 57
Key Considerations and Assumptions 59
Dual Points of Reference 60
Challenges and Tensions 62
How Should Applied Philosophy Be Practically Relevant? 63
Concluding Remarks 66
Acknowledgments 67
References 67
Further Reading 69
Part II Epistemology 71
Chapter 4 Applied Epistemology 73
Notes 81
References 82
Further Reading 82
Chapter 5 Gender and Feminist Epistemology 83
Feminist Philosophy as Activist: Doing Philosophy as a Feminist 83
Activist Feminist Epistemology: Changing Focus 85
Situated Knowers and Feminist Standpoint Epistemology 87
Feminist Epistemologies of Science 89
Redefining Objectivity 90
Testimonial Injustice, Ignorance, and Attention to Particulars 92
Conclusion 94
Acknowledgment 94
References 94
Further Reading 97
Chapter 6 The Epistemology of Deliberative Democracy 98
Introduction 98
The Deliberative Conception of Democracy 99
Instrumental Arguments for Deliberative Democracy 101
Instrumental Arguments against Deliberative Democracy 103
Non-instrumental Arguments for Deliberative Democracy 104
Non-instrumental Arguments against Deliberative Democracy 106
Concluding Remarks 107
Chapter 7 Information Markets 111
What Are Information Markets? 111
Information Markets and Expertise 112
Some Problems (and Solutions) 114
Information Markets and Applied Social Epistemology: Three Applications 115
Conclusion 120
References 121
Further Reading 123
Chapter 8 Epistemology for (Real) People 125
Normativity 125
Belief Theories and Reasoning Theories 126
How to Evaluate Reasoning 127
Diagnostic Reasoning 129
Consilience and Mongrel Epistemology 133
Conclusion 139
References 140
Further Reading 141
Chapter 9 Are Conspiracy Theorists Epistemically Vicious? 142
Introduction 142
Vice, Virtue, and the Intellect 146
Conspiracies, Elites, and the Open Society 148
On the Vices of Anti-Conspiracism 152
Notes 153
References 153
Further Reading 154
Chapter 10 Experts in the Climate Change Debate 155
Introduction 155
Expertise: Variations and Equivocations 156
Trust (and Its Exploitation) in Climate Debates 158
Climate Consensus and Credibility 162
Going Forward 164
References 166
Further Reading 168
Chapter 11 Freedom of Expression, Diversity, and Truth 169
Deliberation and Diversity 170
Diversity and the Invisible Hand 174
Promoting Compliance with the Norms of Deliberation 179
Concluding Remarks 181
Acknowledgment 182
References 182
Further Reading 183
Part III Metaphysics and Philosophy of Language 185
Chapter 12 Applied Metaphysics 187
Introduction 187
Applying Metaphysics within Philosophy 189
Case Study I: Applied Ontology 190
Case Study II: Social Ontology 193
Case Study III: Natural Kinds in Psychiatry and Medicine 196
Further Examples 198
Conclusions? 199
Acknowledgments 200
References 200
Further Reading 201
Chapter 13 Applied Philosophy of Language 202
What Are We Studying When We Study Language? 203
Philosophy of Language as Applied in Terms of Subject Matter 203
The Ontology and Methodology of Natural Language Inquiry 207
A Cognitively Real Semantic Theory and the Search for Evidence 210
Conclusion 215
References 216
Further Reading 217
Chapter 14 Social Ontology and War 218
Introduction 218
Armed Forces, Waging War, and Joint Action 221
War, Collective Self-Defense, and Collective Moral Responsibility 224
Individualism, Collectivism, and the Principles of Necessity, Proportionality, and Discrimination 228
References 230
Further Reading 231
Chapter 15 The Metaphysics of Gender 233
Introduction 233
Philosophical Conceptions of Gender 235
Essentialism and Anti-Essentialism 238
Realism and Nominalism 241
Conclusion 243
Acknowledgments 244
References 244
Further Reading 245
Chapter 16 The Existence of the Dead 246
Being Dead 246
Being Alive 247
Being Neither Dead Nor Alive 248
Resurrection 249
Deathless Annihilation 249
Annihilationless Death 250
Death for Us 254
Applied Philosophy 256
Acknowledgment 256
References 257
Further Reading 257
Chapter 17 Freedom of Expression and Derogatory Words 258
Introduction 258
Direct and Indirect Hate Speech 259
Five Models of Hate Speech 260
Hate Speech, Non-persuasive Influence, and Harm 268
Regulating Vituperative Expression 270
Hate Speech and Silencing 270
Conclusion 272
References 272
Further Reading 274
Part IV Ethics 275
Chapter 18 Applied Moral Philosophy 277
Introduction 277
Results and Lessons of Following Reflective Equilibrium Methods: Opposed Views 281
Conclusion 289
References 289
Further Reading 290
Chapter 19 Neuroethics and Responsibility 292
Introduction 292
Neuroethics and the Mental States of Actors 294
The Mental State of the Attributor 298
References 303
Further Reading 305
Chapter 20 Non-ideal Theory 306
What Is Non-ideal Theory? 307
Varieties of Non-ideal Theory 309
The Relationship between Ideal and Non-ideal Theory 312
Non-ideal Theory, Realism and Applied Philosophy 316
Acknowledgments 317
References 317
Further Reading 318
Chapter 21 Death: Badness and Prudential Reasons 319
Introduction 319
The Lucretian Problem 321
Psychological Relations 324
Maximization of Intrinsic Value 328
Concluding Remarks 329
Acknowledgment 330
References 330
Further Reading 331
Part V Political Philosophy and Philosophy of Law 333
Chapter 22 Applied Political and Legal Philosophy 335
Introduction 335
Standard Activist Approach 337
Extreme Activist Approach 340
Conceptual Activist Approach 343
Conclusion 345
Notes 346
References 346
Further Reading 349
Chapter 23 Legal Human Rights Theory 350
Introduction 350
From Human Rights Practice to Human Rights Theory: Law as the Missing Link 352
The Law in “Political” and “Ethical” Human Rights Theories 355
Human Rights Theory qua Legal Theory 357
Legal Human Rights Theory as Applied Philosophy 359
Conclusion 360
References 361
Further Reading 363
Chapter 24 Collectivism and Reductivism in the Ethics of War 364
The Ethics of War as Applied Philosophy 364
The Origins of the Just War Tradition 365
The Collectivist View 366
The Individualist View 368
Reductive Individualism: Implications and Objections 370
Legitimate Authority 373
Conclusion 376
References 376
Further Reading 377
Chapter 25 Freedom of Association 378
Introduction 378
The Content of Freedom of Association 381
The Scope and Value of Freedom of Association 385
Conclusion 390
Acknowledgments 390
References 390
Further Reading 391
Chapter 26 Neuroethics and Criminal Justice 392
Introduction 392
Neuroscience and the Criminal Justice System 393
Neuroethical Challenges 395
Neuroscience and Criminal Justice Ethics 397
Neuroscience, Criminal Justice, and Applied Philosophy 400
Conclusion 402
References 403
Further Reading 404
Chapter 27 Deliberative Democracy 405
Introduction 405
The Moral Ideal of Deliberative Democracy 406
Cognitive Diversity in Deliberative Democracies 409
The Problem of Rational Ignorance 410
Inequality in Public Deliberation 414
The Problem of Group Polarization 415
References 416
Further Reading 417
Chapter 28 Tax Ethics: Political and Individual 419
Introduction 419
The Tax System? 423
Tax Justice and Horizontal Equity 426
Taxation and Liberty 428
Taxpayer Morality 430
Conclusion 431
References 431
Further Reading 432
Chapter 29 Benefiting from Wrongdoing 433
Introduction 433
Benefiting from Wrongdoing as a Problem of Applied Philosophy 434
Two Versions of the Principle of Wrongful Benefits 435
Limiting the Principle 440
The Principle of Wrongful Benefits and Luck Egalitarianism 442
Conclusion 443
References 444
Further Reading 445
Chapter 30 Freedom of Religion and Expression 446
Freedom of Religion 446
Freedom of Expression 450
Conclusion 459
Notes 459
References 460
Further Reading 460
Part VI Philosophy of Science 461
Chapter 31 Applied Philosophy of Social Science: The Case of the Social Construction of Race 463
Denying the Biological Reality of Race 464
Race as a Social Construction 466
Generalist Elements in the Construction of Race 470
Summary 474
References 474
Chapter 32 Social Constructivism in Social Science and Science Wars 477
Introduction 477
Constructivism and Natural Science 478
The Science Wars 481
Discourse Analysis: Laclau and Mouffe 483
Social Constructivism in Feminist Philosophy 486
The Impact of Constructivist Arguments 489
Chapter 33 Did Climate Change Cause That? 491
Increasing Probability 492
The “But-For” Test: Causation as Counterfactual Dependence 493
The Fraction of Attributable Risk 497
The Butterfly Effect 499
Probability Raising and Causal Influence 500
Conclusion 502
References 502
Further Reading 505
Part VII Aesthetics 507
Chapter 34 Applied Aesthetics 509
On the Very Idea of “Applied Aesthetics” 509
The “Top-down” Model of Applied Philosophy in Ethics 510
The Disciplinary Substructures of Ethics and Aesthetics Contrasted 512
The Disciplinary Substructure of Philosophy of Art 515
The Roles of Artistic Practice in Philosophical Thinking about the Arts 517
Conclusions 520
References 520
Further Reading 522
Chapter 35 Thought Experiments in Aesthetics 523
A Theoretical Thought Experiment in Aesthetics 523
Assessing the Borges-inspired Experimentation 527
Practical and Productive Thought Experiments 530
Coda 533
References 533
Further Reading 535
Chapter 36 Aesthetic Value, Artistic Value, and Morality 536
Aesthetic, Artistic, and Moral Values 537
Autonomism 540
Art, Cognitive Value, and Moral Education 541
Ethicism 542
Contextualism 543
Art and Censorship 544
References 546
Further Reading 548
Chapter 37 The Applied Philosophy of Humor 549
Introduction 549
The Philosophy of Humor 549
Comic Amusement is an Emotion 551
Bonding 553
Coping 556
Perspective Modification 558
Summary 559
References 560
Part VIII Philosophy of Religion 561
Chapter 38 Applied Philosophy of Religion 563
Preliminary Reflections on the Character of Applied Philosophy of Religion 563
Philosophy of Religion and the Practical Reality of Religion 564
Religious Epistemology and Religious Authority 566
Religion and Politics 567
The Interdisciplinary Aspect 569
Religious Experience and Religious Mysticism 571
Religious Ethics 573
Acknowledgments 574
References 575
Further Reading 576
Chapter 39 Thinking about Reported Miracles 577
Introduction 577
Defining a Miracle 578
Miracles and Deities 581
Miracles and Evidence 582
Identifying a Miracle 583
When to Doubt a Miracle Report 585
Evidence for a Reported Miracle 586
References 588
Further Reading 588
Chapter 40 Religion and Neuroscience 589
Introduction 589
The Cognitive Science of Religion 590
The Neuroscience of Meditation 593
References 600
Further Reading 602
Part IX History of Applied Philosophy 605
Chapter 41 Ancient Applied Philosophy 607
Introduction 607
Ancient Applied Philosophy and the Scope and Nature of Philosophy 609
Ancient Applied Philosophy and Method in Philosophy 614
Two Further Ways in Which Ancient Philosophy Is Applied 618
Acknowledgments 619
References 619
Further Reading 620
Chapter 42 Modern Applied Philosophy: Kant on Theory and Practice 621
The Concepts of Theory and Practice, Especially in Right and Morality 622
Kant vs. Garve: Theory and Practice in Moral Motivation 624
Kant vs. Mendelssohn: Theory and Practice in the Moral Progress of Humanity 625
Kant vs. Hobbes: Theory and Practice in Politics 627
Notes 632
References 633
Further Reading 633
Index 634
EULA 663

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.9.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
• Reihe/Serie: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
• Reihe/Serie: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Philosophie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Philosophie ► Ethik
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Schlagworte: Aesthetics • ancient applied philosophy • Angewandte Ethik • Angewandte Philosophie • Applied Epistemology • Applied Ethics • applied metaphysics • Applied Philosophy • applied philosophy of language • applied political philosophy • Epistemic Virtues • Epistemology • ethics • ethics of war • Ethik • feminist epistemology • freedom of expression • global warming • History of Philosophy • Individualism • legal • medieval applied philosophy • Metaphysics • miracles • Neuroethics • Philosophie • Philosophy • Philosophy of Language • Philosophy of Law • Philosophy of Religion • philosophy of science • Political Philosophy • Problem of evil • Social Ontology
• ISBN-10: 1-118-86911-7 / 1118869117
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-86911-6 / 9781118869116