Ancient Lives
Pearson
978-0-205-88770-5 (ISBN)
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-- Theory and Methods in Archaeology and Prehistory
Written for complete beginners in a narrative style, Ancient Lives is aimed at introductory courses in archaeology and prehistory that cover archaeological methods and theory, as well as world prehistory.
The first half of Ancient Lives covers the basic principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology. The second half is devoted to a summary of the major developments of human prehistory: the origins of humankind and the archaic world, the origins and spread of modern humans, the emergence of food production, and the beginnings of civilization.
Learning Goals
Upon completing this book, readers should be able to:
Understand the basic principles of archaeology
Summarize the major developments of human prehistory
Note: MySearchLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MySearchLab, please visit www.MySearchLab.com or you can purchase a valuepack of the text + MySearchLab (VP ISBN-10: 0205887708, VP ISBN-13: 9780205887705).
In This Section: I. Author Bio II. Author Letter I. Author Bio Brian Fagan is one of the leading archaeological writers in the world and an internationally recognized authority on world prehistory. He studied archaeology and anthropology at Pembroke College, Cambridge University, and then spent seven years in sub-Saharan Africa working in museums and in monument conservation and excavating early farming sites in Zambia and East Africa. He was one of the pioneers of multidisciplinary African history in the 1960s. From 1967 to 2003, he was professor of anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he specialized in lecturing and writing about archaeology to wide audiences. He is now professor emeritus. Professor Fagan has written six best-selling textbooks: Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory; In the Beginning; Archaeology: A Brief Introduction; People of the Earth; World Prehistory; and A Brief History of Archaeology–all published by Prentice Hall–which are used around the world. His general books include The Rape of the Nile, a classic history of Egyptology; The Adventure of Archaeology; Time Detectives; Ancient North America; The Little Ice Age; and The Great Warming. He is general editor of the Oxford Companion to Archaeology. In addition, he has published several scholarly monographs on African archaeology and numerous specialized articles in national and international journals. He is also an expert on multimedia teaching and received the Society for American Archaeology’s first Public Education Award for his indefatigable efforts on behalf of archaeology and education. II. Author Letter Dear Colleague: I became an archaeologist by accident, in large part because of the stories told by my very first university instructor, Miles Burkitt. Miles was an institution at Cambridge University where I studied archaeology. His lectures were long on artifacts and short on sophistication. But he was a consummate storyteller—about fellow archaeologists and copying Stone Age cave art with the legendary French prehistorian Abbé Breul before World War I, among other things. He taught me that storytelling is central to good teaching. I started teaching introductory archaeology at the University of California - Santa Barbara in 1967, to an audience of 300 students. Finding no suitable textbooks, I ended up writing Ancient Lives; a short book that combined both the basics of method and theory—how archaeology works—and the major developments of world prehistory. It has filled an important niche in the marketplace for instructors who want a course that combines the basics both of archaeology itself and of human prehistory. To my delight, it has been widely used in many colleges and universities as a first introduction to a complex subject that has an important role to play in today’s world. I’m proud that highly respected archaeologists first encountered archaeology through its pages! Ancient Lives is a straightforward journey through the world of archaeology and prehistory, which covers the basics--I mean the basics. Its chapters answer fundamental questions. How do we find sites, excavate them, and analyze their finds? How do we date the past? How do we study ancient landscapes and settlement patterns? It also tells the story of the human past from the emergence of the first humans in East Africa well before 2.5 million years ago to the appearance of the world’s first pre-industrial civilizations in 3100 B.C. and afterward. It surveys the long span of human experience in the Old World, also in the Americas, attempting to tell the story of our remote past as a straightforward narrative, not just a list of artifacts and archaeological sites. Ancient Lives is user friendly, as jargon-free as possible, and designed for complete beginners. It can serve either as a one-shot introduction to the subject as part of general education, or a basis for taking additional courses later on. This new fifth edition draws on the success of earlier editions, and plentiful encouragement from users and reviewers, as well as students. The basic approach is unchanged: produce a simple narrative of method and theory and human prehistory for beginners. I’ve updated examples throughout, added new information on human evolution, and brought in some exciting new discoveries, such as the Göbekli carvings in Turkey and the Lords of Sicán from coastal Peru. The illustrations have been completely refreshed and revised for this edition. Otherwise, this updated and improved edition continues a successful formula that has introduced thousands of students to the fascinating world of archaeology. Long may it continue to do so! Please do let me know what you think of the new edition of Ancient Lives. If you have any comments, suggestions, or questions about the book, please do not hesitate to send me an e-mail at brian@brianfagan.com. I look forward to hearing from you! Best regards, Brian Fagan Professor Emeritus University of California—Santa Barbara
In This Section
1.) Brief Contents
2.) Comprehensive
Brief Contents
Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times
Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
Chapter 2 The Record of the Past
Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record
Chapter 4 How Did People Live?
Part II Ancient Interactions
Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions
Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible
Chapter 7 Explaining the Past
Part III The World of the First Humans
Chapter 8 Human Origins
Chapter 9 African Exodus
Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World
Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora
Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations
Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers
Chapter 12 The First Civilizations
Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations
Part VI Ancient America
Chapter 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders
Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations
Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations
Part VII On Being an Archaeologist
Chapter 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist
Contents
Preface
Author's Note
About the Author
Comprehensive Contents
Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times
SPECIAL FEATURE: CONSERVATION OF SITES AND FINDS
Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
How Archaeology Began
The Discovery of Early Civilizations
DISCOVERY: Austen Henry Layard at Nineveh
The Antiquity of Humankind
The Origins of Scientific Archaeology
Archaeology and Prehistory
Prehistory and World Prehistory
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Short Guide to Archaeological Diversity
Major Developments in Human Prehistory
Why Are Archaeology and World Prehistory Important?
Mysteries of the Past
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Pseudoarchaeology, or You, Too, Can Be an Armchair Indiana Jones
The Powerful Lure of the Past
Archaeology and Human Diversity
Archaeology as a Political Tool
Archaeology and Economic Development
Garbology
Who Needs the Past?
SITE: Inyan Ceyaka Atonwan, Minnesota
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 2 The Record of the Past
The Goals of Archaeology
Constructing Culture History
DISCOVERY: The Folsom Bison Kill Site, New Mexico
Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways
SITE: Sounds of the Past
Explaining Cultural Change
The Process of Archaeological Research
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: An Archaeologist's Ethical Responsibilities
Research Design
Data Acquisition
Analysis
Interpretation
Publication and Curation
What Is Culture?
The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record
Preservation Conditions
A Waterlogged Site: Ozette, Washington
A Dry Site: Puruchucho-Huaquerones, Peru
Cold Conditions: Nevado Ampato, Peru
Volcanic Ash: Ceren, El Salvador
DISCOVERY: Tragedy at Ceren, El Salvador
Context
Time and Space
The Law of Association
The Law of Superposition
Summary
Key Terms and
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record
DISCOVERY: Recording the Behistun Inscription, Iran
How Do You Find Archaeological Sites?
Accidental Discoveries
Deliberate Survey
Settlement Patterns and Settlement Archaeology
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
SITE: Teotihuacan, Mexico
How Do You Dig Up the Past?
The Ethical Responsibilities of the Excavator
Research Design and Problem-Oriented Excavation
Koster
Types of Excavation
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Archaeological Sites
Excavation as Recording
How Old Is It?
Relative Chronology
Chronometric Dating
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Dating the Past
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 4 How Did People Live?
Technologies of the Ancients
Stone
Bone, Antler, and Ivory
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Classifying Artifact Types
Wood 88
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Lithic Analysis
Clay (Ceramics)
Metals and Metallurgy
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Ceramic Analysis
Basketry and Textiles
SITE: Ancient Wine at Abydos, Egypt
Subsistence: Making a Living
Animal Bones
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Studying Ancient Subsistence
Plant Remains
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Flotation Methods
Fishing and Fowling
Reconstructing Ancient Diet
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part II Ancient Interactions
SPECIAL FEATURE: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY SINCE 1798
Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions
An Individual: OEtzi the Ice Man
Social Ranking
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Law Code of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1760 B.C.
SITE: The Sepulcher of the Maya Lord Pacal, Palenque, Mexico
Gender: Men and Women
Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria
The Engendered Past 1
Ethnicity and Inequality
Ideologies of Domination
Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance
Trade and Exchange
DISCOVERY: War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt
Types of Exchange and Trade
Sourcing
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Obsidian Sourcing
A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible
A Framework of Common Belief
DISCOVERY: Shang Oracle Bones, China
Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Copying South African Rock Paintings
The Archaeology of Death
Artifacts: The Importance of Context
Artifacts and Art Styles
SITE: The Shrine at Phylakopi, Greece
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Ancient Maya World through Glyphs
Sacred Places
Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge
Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 7 Explaining the Past
Culture History
Constructing Culture History
Synthesis
A Hierarchy of Archaeological Units
Descriptive Models of Cultural Change
Inevitable Variation
Cultural Selection
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Hierarchy of Archaeological Entities
Invention
Diffusion
Migration
Analogy
DISCOVERY: A Tale of Two Maya Women: Waka, Guatemala
Archaeology by Observation and Experiment
Ethnoarchaeology
Experimental Archaeology
Explaining Cultural Change
Cultural Systems and Cultural Processes
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Processual Archaeology
People, Not Systems
SITE: Guila Naquitz Cave, Mexico
Cognitive-Processual Archaeology
The Issue of Complexity
Change and No Change
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part III The World of the First Humans
SPECIAL FEATURE: THE PRE-MODERN WORLD
Chapter 8 Human Origins
The Great Ice Age (c. 2.5 Million to 15,000 Years Ago)
Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation
The Primate Order
"Coming Down from the Trees"
The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (7 Million to 1.5 Million Years Ago)
The Earliest Known Hominin: Toumai, Sahelanthropus tchadensis
What Is Australopithecus?
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Potassium-Argon Dating
All Kinds of Australopithecines (3 Million to 2.5 Million Years Ago)
Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus
Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus
Australopithecus garhi
Early Homo: Homo habilis (2.5 Million to 2 Million Years Ago)
A Burst of Rapid Change?
Who Was the First Human?
The Earliest Human Technology
Hunters or Scavengers?
SITE: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Plant Foraging and Grandmothering
The Earliest Human Mind
The Development of Language
The Earliest Social Organization
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 9 African Exodus
Ice Age Background
Homo ergaster in Africa
Homo erectus (c. 1.9 Million to c. 200,000 Years Ago)
Radiating out of Africa
Homo erectus in Asia
The Lifeway of Homo erectus
Hand Axes and Choppers
Language
Archaic Homo sapiens (c. 400,000 to 130,000 Years Ago)
Archaic Homo sapiens: Homo heidelbergensis
SITE: A 400,000-Year-Old Hunt at Schoeningen, Germany
The Neanderthals (c. 200,000 to 30,000 Years Ago)
The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 180,000 to 150,000 Years Ago)
Continuity or Replacement?
Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: DNA and Prehistory
Ecology and Homo sapiens
Out of Tropical Africa
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World
SPECIAL FEATURE: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO
Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora
The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Radiocarbon Dating
The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (c. 50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Late Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Subsistence
Cro-Magnon Technology
Cro-Magnon Art
Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
DISCOVERY: Grotte de Chauvet, France
East Asia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Sinodonty and Sundadonty
Early Human Settlement of Siberia (Before 20,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
The First Americans (Before 15,000 Years Ago to 11,000 B.C.)
Settlement before 30,000 Years Ago?
Settlement after 15,000 Years Ago?
SITE: Monte Verde, Chile
The Clovis People (c. 11,200 to 10,900 B.C.)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations
SPECIAL FEATURE: EARLY FOOD PRODUCTION
Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers
After the Ice Age
Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers
DISCOVERY: Hunter-Gatherers at Modoc Rockshelter, Illinois
Origins of Food Production
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Radiocarbon Dating
Consequences of Food Production
The First Farmers in Southwestern Asia
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Domesticating Wheat and Barley
Egypt and the Nile Valley
Early Agriculture in Anatolia
SITE: Ritual Buildings in Southeastern Turkey
European Farmers
Early Agriculture in South and East Asia
The Indus Valley
Rice Cultivation in Southern China
SITE: Easton Down and the Avebury Sacred Landscape, England
The First Farmers in Northern China
Navigators and Chiefs in the Pacific (2000 B.C. to Modern Times)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 12 The First Civilizations
SPECIAL FEATURE: OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS
What Is a State-Organized Society?
Cities
Theories of the Origins of States
The Collapse of Civilizations
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia (5500 to 3100 B.C.)
The First Cities: Uruk
The Sumerians (c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)
DISCOVERY: The Temple at Eridu, Iraq
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Sumerians
Ancient Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 B.C. to 30 B.C.)
Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly? (5000 to 3100 B.C.)
Dynastic Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 to 30 B.C.)
SITE: The Step Pyramid at Saqqara
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Ahmose, Son of Ebana
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations
South Asia: The Harappan Civilization (c. 2700 to 1700 B.C.)
Mature Harappan Civilization
South Asia after the Harappans (1700 to 180 B.C.)
The Origins of Chinese Civilization (2600 to 1100 B.C.)
Royal Capitals
Royal Burials
Bronze Working
Shang Warriors
The War Lords (1100 to 221 B.C.)
DISCOVERY: The Burial Mound of Emperor Shihuangdi, China
Southeast Asian Civilization (A.D. 1 to 1500)
The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430)
SITE: Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part VI Ancient America
SPECIAL FEATURE: NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders
North America after First Settlement
SITE: The Olsen-Chubbock Bison Kill, Colorado
The Story of Maize
Mesoamerica: Guila Naquitz and Early Cultivation
The Earliest Maize
Andean Farmers
The North American Southwest (300 B.C. to Modern Times)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating)
Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo
Mound Builders in Eastern North America (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1650)
Adena and Hopewell
The Mississippian Tradition
SITE: Moundville, Alabama
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations
The Olmec (1500 to 500 B.C.)
Ancient Maya Civilization (Before 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1519)
Beginnings (Before 1000 to 300 B.C.)
Kingship
Classic Maya Civilization (A.D. 300 to 900)
The Classic Maya Collapse
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Studying the Maya Collapse at Copan
The Rise of Highland Civilization (1500 to 200 B.C.)
Teotihuacan (200 B.C. to A.D. 750)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Life in Teotihuacan's Barrios
The Toltecs (650 to 1200)
Aztec Civilization (1200 to 1521)
Tenochtitlan
SITE: The Great Temple at Tenochtitlan
The World of the Fifth Sun
The Aztec State
The Spanish Conquest
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
Coastal Foundations (2500 to 900 B.C.)
Caral
El Paraiso and Huaca Florida
The Early Horizon and Chavin de Huantar (900 to 200 B.C.)
The Initial Period
Irrigation Agriculture Inland (After 1800 B.C.)
The Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (1000 B.C. to A.D. 100)
The Moche State (200 B.C. to A.D. 700)
DISCOVERY: The Lords of Sipan, Peru
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (600 to 1000) 423
Tiwanaku
Wari
The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimu (700 to 1460)
The Late Horizon: The Inka State (1476 to 1534)
SITE: Cuzco, the Imperial Inka Capital
The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part VII On Being an Archaeologist
Chapter 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist
Archaeology as a Profession
Deciding to Become an Archaeologist
Gaining Fieldwork Experience
Career Opportunities
Academic Qualifications and Graduate School
Thoughts on Not Becoming a Professional Archaeologist
Our Responsibilities to the Past
A Simple Code of Archaeological Ethics for All
Summary
Key Term
Critical-Thinking Questions
Glossary
References
Credits
Index
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.11.2011 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Gewicht | 839 g |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften ► Archäologie |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Ethnologie | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-205-88770-8 / 0205887708 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-205-88770-5 / 9780205887705 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
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